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Geog370Hdrlgy > Surface Water 1 - Rivers, lakes, marshes etc. > Flashcards

Surface Water 1 - Rivers, lakes, marshes etc. Flashcards

1
Q

Wetlands

A
  • Nutrient rich
  • Biodiversity
  • Water reservoir
  • Carbon Storage
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2
Q

Marshes

A
  • Wet most of the time
  • Grassy or reedy vegetation
  • Can be salty (tidal marsh) or fresh
  • Most common wetland in NA
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3
Q

Swamps

A
  • Woody plants, often treed
  • Deeper water (often >1m)
  • Nutrient rich
  • ex. Mangroves
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4
Q

Bogs

A
  • Water from precipitation
  • Thick mat of vegetation (peat) rather than soil
  • Acidic
  • Soft, spongy, organic
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5
Q

Fens

A
  • Like bogs but fed from GW
  • More nutrients
  • More neutral pH
  • Often associated with glacial kettles
  • Also peatlands
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6
Q

Marsh description quote

A
  • Land where excess water is the dominant factor determining the nature of soil development and the types of animals and plant communities living at the soil surface
  • It spans a continuum of environments where terrestrial and aquatic systems intergrade
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7
Q

Emissions from degrading/disturbed peat

A
  • Greater than the stores of peat

- Changes carbon budget

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8
Q

Global peatlands

A
  • Canada has greatest stores, next is Russia

- Indonesia and Russia degrade the most peat

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9
Q

Peatlands and wetlands

A
  • Peatlands cover 12% of Canada (1.2 x 10^6 km^2)
  • Wetlands cover 14% of Canada (1.4 x 10^6 km^2)
  • 14% of global wetlands in Canada
  • 6% of global land surface is wetland, Canada is much wetter than the average
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10
Q

Lakes and Rivers in Canada

A 
Lakes:
- Uncounted, more than 32,000
- Most less than 100 km^2
- 7> 10,000 km^2
Rivers:
- Uncounted, 1000's
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11
Q

Canadian Great Lakes

A
  • Moderate climate and affect precipitation
  • Almost froze 100% in 2014 due to polar vortex (last time this was seen was 1980)
  • 2014 was anomalous year due to el nino
  • % ice cover depends on location of jet stream
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12
Q

Where is the largest surface water storage on the planet?

A
  • Lake Baikal, Russia
  • Very deep, 1637 m
  • 1700 species, 2/3 only found here
  • UNESCO site in 1998
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13
Q

How much water does Lake Baikal hold?

A
  • 20% of world’s lake water
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14
Q

What is the trend seen in Lake Baikal’s ice?

A
  • Freeze dates may be cyclical or have a negative trend and freeze later
  • Break up date may have positive trend, but also shows cyclical pattern
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15
Q

Which lakes from Canada drain into the Gulf of Mexico?

A
  • a few in AB and SK on the border of the U.S
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16
Q

Where does most of Canada’s surface water drain?

A

The Hudson Bay, followed closely by the Arctic Ocean

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17
Q

What is the largest river in Canada?

A
  • Mackenzie River, closely followed by St. Lawrence (more discharge but less length)
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18
Q

What are the 2 types of water flow?

A
  • Laminar (steady)

- Turbulent (unsteady)

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19
Q

Laminar flow

A
  • Smooth
  • Less friction
  • Less likely on surface water
  • Semi-likely in GW but only as long as substrate doesn’t change
  • Likely in pipes, artificial flow
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20
Q

Forces involved in water flow

A
  • Gravity: Moves water down rivers, drives conversion of potential to kinetic energy/inertia
  • Friction: Resists water flow
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21
Q

Where is the flow in a river the fastest?

A
  • Where the water height is greatest, just below the surface and away from the banks (friction)
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22
Q

Reynolds Number, Re

A
  • Measure of turbulence

- Turbulent flow Re>2000, Laminar Re

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23
Q

Froude Number, Fr

A
  • Fr = v/vw = stream flow velocity/sqrt(gravity*Height of water)
  • Tells which way a wave will propagate, will water flow downstream
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24
Q

Subcritical Froude number

A
  • Fr
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25
Q

Critical Froude number

A

Fr = 1

  • V=Vw, flow velocity equals surface wave velocity
  • wave goes slightly downstream
  • Hydraulic jumping
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26
Q

Supercritical Froude number

A

Fr > 1

  • V>Vw, flow velocity greater than surface wave velocity
  • Fast downstream movement, hydraulic jumping
  • Laminar flow
27
Q

What causes change in river flow?

A
  • slope
  • frictional resistance of channel
  • inputs or outputs
  • size and shape of channel (narrowing/expanding)
  • change in elevation (waterfall)
28
Q

What is stage?

A

Stage = Water level

- Discharge is a function of stage

29
Q

How is stage measured?

A
  • With a shelter house with intake pipes that draw water into stilling well and a float on the surface gives height of river
30
Q

How does a shelter house work?

A
  • Measures stage
  • Can remotely send data on river height out
  • Remote data can have errors and may not report true stage
  • Remote updates are important, especially in flood prone and large rivers
  • Like a tide gauge, float in a stilling well measures height
31
Q

What are some problems with shelter houses?

A
  • Remote data can have issues, still needs staff power to check on
  • Ex. Assiniboine river had large runoff that wasn’t noticed in time before it reached cities, error in shelter house data
32
Q

How is discharge measured?

A
  • Velocity-area method
  • Tracer Dilution
  • Float Method
33
Q

What is the float method of measuring discharge?

A
  • Toss a floating object into the stream and measure time it takes to travel a distance
  • Accounts for 85% of deeper velocity (friction makes surface slower)
  • Used when sediments/debris could bounce up and damage a current meter
34
Q

What is the velocity-area method of measuring discharge?

A
  • Split stream into sections, measure velocity in each, take average of measurements
  • Max velocity is probably near surface in the middle of the stream
  • Q = A x V or (width x depth) x Velocity
  • Q increases with increasing depth, width, and velocity
35
Q

What is the tracer-dilution method of measuring discharge?

A
  • Injection of a solution into a stream, then measure when it is detected downstream
36
Q

What are the 2 methods of tracer-dilution?

A
  • 2 methods (constant solution and dump solution)
37
Q

What are some considerations when using the tracer-dilution method?

A
  • Water movement (stagnant vs rapid)

- Injection solution behaviour

38
Q

How does a weir work?

A
  • Used to create critical conditions (Fr = 1)

- Gives a simple, known geometry to help calculate discharge

39
Q

Hydrograph Baseflow

A
  • Water present in a stream that is not related to precipitation
  • GW contribution is likely
  • No overland flow contribution to baseflow
40
Q

Hydrograph Baseflow Recession

A
  • Can be a straight-line leading to precipitation event or naturally decreasing due to stream characteristics
41
Q

Hydrograph Rising Limb

A
  • Response to input water causes hydrograph discharge to increase
42
Q

Hydrograph Peak

A
  • Most of the water from a precipitation event has reached the stream at this point
  • Discharge will decrease after this point
43
Q

Hydrograph Quickflow

A
  • Water makes its way to the stream quickly
  • Overland flow contribution to stream
  • Input water contribution that is not from base flow
44
Q

Hydrograph Falling Limb

A
  • Quickflow recession

- Decreases from peak

45
Q

Hydrograph Separation Point

A
  • Point where quick flow is done and returns to base flow
46
Q

What are hydrographs?

A
  • Used to show response of a stream discharge to precipitation events
47
Q

Storm Hydrograph

A
  • Translation: Temporal shift
  • Attenuation: Dampening of peak height due to storage in the basin
  • Peak looks prolonged and peak discharge is less, takes longer to return to normal
48
Q

Annual Hydrograph

A
  • Precipitation bar graph on secondary axis

- Shows a relationship between precipitation events and discharge

49
Q

What does hydrograph character depend on?

A
  • Precipitation characteristics (magnitude, intensity, duration, distribution, phase)
  • Basin characteristics (slope angle, slope shape, soil type, soil thickness, initial soil moisture conditions, anthropogenic impacts, basin size, basin shape)
50
Q

Unit Hydrograph

A
  • Predictions for type of response likely in a stream from precip events
  • Specific to a certain stream
  • Used to predict discharge and floods
  • Can get volume of runoff expected
51
Q

Hydrograph response to dams

A
  • Discharge greatly decreases

- More even discharge, peaks not very pronounced

52
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of fluvial transport?

A
  • Advection
  • Diffusion
  • Dispersion
53
Q

Advection

A
  • Movement of a tracer resulting from the current (mean flow of water)
  • Calculated from the product of velocity and tracer concentration
54
Q

Advection Flux

A

Amount of tracer transported per unit time, per unit area perpendicular to current

55
Q

Diffusion

A

Tracer mixing and spreading from random molecular motion within fluid

56
Q

What are the 2 types of diffusion?

A

Turbulent and Molecular

57
Q

Molecular Diffusion

A

Fick’s Law

  • Gradient diffusion law for concentration
  • Goes from high to low
58
Q

Turbulent Diffusion

A

Mixing due to turbulent motions in the river or lake

- Scale dependent

59
Q

Dispersion

A

Mixing due to velocity gradients in fluid (shear dispersion)

- Differing dispersion and concentration in areas of different velocities

60
Q

What are some potential sources of loss for tracer solution?

A
  • Temporary storage

- Decay or sorption of solute

61
Q

What are the 2 main methods of stream order designation?

A
  • Shreve

- Strahler

62
Q

Stream order

A
  • Hierarchy of channels from 1st order to nth order main channel
63
Q

Strahler Stream order method

A
  • Junction of 2 streams of order x form next downstream order of ‘x + 1’
  • Junction of 2 streams of different orders x and y, where y>x creates order equal to higher order stream y
64
Q

Shreve Stream order method

A
  • Junction of 2 streams of order x or 2 streams of order x and y, form next downstream order of ‘x + y’

Geog370Hdrlgy (9 decks)

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