Surface Anatomy - Lower leg, foot and ankle

Question 1

what bones form the ankle joint?

Answer 1

distal tibia, distal fibula and talar body

Question 2

how many bones are in the foot?

Answer 2

28

Question 3

what are the bones of the foot?

Answer 3

7 tarsals-(talus, calcaneum, navicular, cuboid, medial, middle and lateral cuneiform)
5 metatarsals
5 proximal phalanges
4 middle phalanges
5 distal phalanges
2 sesamoids under first MTPJ

Question 4

what are the joints of the ankle?

Answer 4

distal tibia, distal fibula, taller body

Question 5

what are the joints of the foot?

Answer 5

subtalar - talus/calcaneum - inversion/eversion
distal joints named for bones:
talonavicular, calcaneocuboid, naviculocuneiform, tarsometatarsal, metatarsalphalangeal,, proximal and distal interphalangeal

Question 6

what muscle compartment is contracting during dorsiflexion of the foot?

Answer 6

anterior (extensor)

Question 7

what muscles are in the anterior compartment?

Answer 7

tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus

Question 8

what is the nerve supply to the anterior compartment?

Answer 8

deep peroneal nerve

Question 9

what pulse is between the 1st and 2nd metatarsals?

Answer 9

dorsalis pedis

Question 10

what muscles are contracting when foot is everted?

Answer 10

peroneus longus and brevis

Question 11

what compartment does the Peroneus longus and Brevis form?

Answer 11

lateral compartment

Question 12

where does the peroneus brevis insert?

Answer 12

base of 5th metatarsal

Question 13

where does the peroneus longus insert?

Answer 13

pass under the foot to attach at the base of the first metatarsal

Question 14

what is the motor nerve supply of the peroneus brevis and longus?

Answer 14

superficial peroneal nerve

Question 15

what pulse is felt behind the medial malleolus?

Answer 15

posterior tibial

Question 16

what tendons run behind the medial malleolus?

Answer 16

tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior artery, vein, tibial nerve, flexor hallucis longus
(tom dick and very naughty harry)

Question 17

what muscle compartment does (tom dick and very naughty harry) lie in?

Answer 17

deep posterior (flexor)

Question 18

what nerve supplies the deep posterior (flexor compartment)?

Answer 18

tibial nerve

Question 19

what is the action of the tibialis posterior?

Answer 19

ankle plantarflexor and inventor. initiates heel rise

Question 20

what is the 4th lower limb compartment?

Answer 20

superficial posterior compartment

Question 21

what muscles are in the superficial deep compartment?

Answer 21

gastrocnemius and soleus

Question 22

where do the gastrocnemius and coleus muscles insert?

Answer 22

achilles tendon

Question 23

what are the 4 compartments of the lower limb?

Answer 23

anterior compartment (dorsiflexors)
lateral compartment (evertors)
superficial posterior compartment (plantar flexion - knee flexion)
deep posterior compartment plantar flexors

Question 24

where can the dorsalis pedis pulse be felt?

Answer 24

between base of 1 and 2 metatarsals

Question 25

which nerve supplies sensation to the first dorsal webspace?

Answer 25

deep peroneal.

Question 26

which nerve is significant in diagnosis of compartment syndrome?

Answer 26

deep peroneal nerve
deep nerve that is the first to be affected by increased intracompartmental pressures

Question 27

what is the sensory distribution of the superficial peroneal nerve?

Answer 27

dorsum of the foot, except the first webspace

Question 28

what nerve supplies sensation to the sole of the foot?

Answer 28

tibial nerve -medial and lateral plantar nerves and calcanea branch

Question 29

what is hallus valgus?

Answer 29

lateral deviation of the great toe

Question 30

what are the main muscles that stabilise the anlkle when standing on one leg?

Answer 30

peroneal muscles laterally, balanced by tibialis posterior medially

Question 31

what muscles are working when on your tip toes?

Answer 31

tibialis posterior initiated by heel rise but the calf muscles keep you up

Question 32

what are the calf muscles?

Answer 32

gastrocnemius and soleus

Question 33

what movement occurs at the ankle?

Answer 33

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Question 34

what joint is being used during inversion and eversion of the foot and ankle?

Answer 34

subtalar joint

Question 35

what joints are being used during pronation and supination of the foot and ankle?

Answer 35

transverse tarsal joints (TN/CC)

Question 36

what is the normal range of the first MTPJ?

Answer 36

9 degree dorsiflexion
40 degrees plantar flexion

Question 37

what is pes planus?

Answer 37

flat foot, medial border of foot touches floor

Question 38

what are the causes of flat foot?

Answer 38

normal variant, tarsal coalition rigid, tibialis posterior disease, post traumatic after fractures or sprains