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Anatomy of the Individual > Surface Anatomy - Head and Neck > Flashcards

Surface Anatomy - Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the ethmoid bone located? What does it contribute to?

A

Singular
In midline of anterior cranium
Contributes to:
- Anterior cranial fossa/Roof of nasal cavity (cribiform plate)
- Medial wall of orbit (orbital plate of ethmoid)
- Lateral walls of nasal cavity (superior and middle conchae)
- Superior nasal septum (perpendicular plate)

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2
Q

Where is the sphenoid bone located? What does it contribute to?

A 
Singular
In midline of middle cranial fossa
Contributes to:
- Lateral wall of skull (greater wing)
- Lateral wall of orbit (greater wing)
- Roof of orbit (lesser wing)
- Medial wall of orbit (body)
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3
Q

Where are the lacrimal bones found?

A

Medial wall of orbits

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4
Q

Where are the palatine bones found?

A

Posterior oral cavity

Hard palate

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5
Q

Where are the inferior conchae found?

A

Within nasal cavities

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6
Q

Where is the vomer bone found?

A

Posterior nasal septum

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7
Q

Which bones do not protect any of the special sense organs of the head?

A

Occipital

Parietal

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8
Q

What anterior major bony features of the skull can be palpated?

A

Maxilla
Zygoma
Orbital margin
Mental process of the mandible

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9
Q

What lateral major bony features of the skull can be palpated?

A

Angle of mandible
Zygomatic arch
Mastoid process

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10
Q

What bony feature can be palpated on the posterior surface of the skull?

A

External occipital protuberance

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11
Q

What structure overlaps the anterior aspect of the external auditory meatus?

A

Tragus

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12
Q

What can be palpated just anterior to the tragus?

A

Condyle of the mandible

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13
Q

If the head of the mandible is palpated and the mouth is opened, what can be felt?

A

The condyle rotating and moving forwards and downwards over the articular eminence of the temporal bone

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14
Q

How can temporalis be palpated?

A

Place fingers onto side of your head just above zygomatic arch; clench and relax jaw

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15
Q

How can the masseter be palpated?

A

Place fingers on mandible slightly above and anterior to angle of mandible; clench and relax jaw

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16
Q

How can the pterygoid muscles be palpated?

A

They can’t

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17
Q

What other muscles are involved in masticatory movements?

A

Suprahyoid muscles

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18
Q

How can frontalis be palpated?

A

Place finger over eyebrow and raise the same eyebrow

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19
Q

How can orbicularis oculi be palpated?

A

Close your eyes and place your finger gently on the eyelid then close eyes tightly

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20
Q

How can zygomaticus major be palpated?

A

Place fingers at edge of the zygomatic arch and smile

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21
Q

How can orbicularis oris be palpated?

A

Close lips and place finger just above your top lip and purse your lips

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22
Q

What changes might be seen in a cerebrovascular accident affecting CN VII?

A 
Drooped eyelids (ptosis)
Lowered corner of mouth
Unable to raise:
- Eyebrow
- Corner of mouth
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23
Q

What happens if pressure is placed over the parotid and submandibular glands?

A

Forces saliva into mouth

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24
Q

What neurovascular structure lies within the parotid gland?

A

Parotid plexus of CN VII

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25
Q

How can the small vessels on the face be palpated?

A

Not easily - They are small

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26
Q

Where can the superficial temporal artery be palpated?

A

Between tragus of ear and neck of mandible

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27
Q

From what artery is the superficial temporal artery a terminal branch of? What is its other terminal branch?

A

External carotid artery

Maxillary artery

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28
Q

Where can the facial artery be palpated?

A

As it crosses the lower border of the body of the mandible:

- Halfway between angle and mental tubercle

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29
Q

From what vessel is the facial artery and anterior branch of? What other anterior branch of this artery supplies blood to deeper structures of the face?

A

External carotid artery

Lingual artery

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30
Q

Where can the supraorbital artery be palpated?

A

Superior medial margin of the orbit

31
Q

From what artery is the supraorbital artery a branch of?

A

Ophthalmic artery

32
Q

Why can the veins accompanying the palpable arteries of the face not be palpated?

A

Thin walled structures

Not pulsatile

33
Q

What nerves of the trigeminal nerve can be palpated with difficulty? Where?

A

Supraorbital
Infraorbital
Mental branches
All can be palpated as they leave their respective foramina of the skull

34
Q

When are the lymph nodes of the head and neck more easily palpable?

A

When enlarged due to inflammation

35
Q

Where does lymph from all the nodes of the head drain to?

A

Cervical lymph chain

36
Q

Which nodes would you expect to enlarge if the tongue was infected?

A

Superior deep cervical nodes
Inferior deep cervical nodes
Submandibular nodes
Submental nodes

37
Q

What forms the laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)?

A

Thyroid cartilage

38
Q

What can be palpated by passing your fingers from the thyroid cartilage downwards by 3-4cm?

A

Cricoid cartilage

39
Q

What neck structures can be palpated with discomfort?

A

Hyoid bone

Trachea

40
Q

How can the hyoid bone be palpated?

A

Locate thyroid cartilage and pass fingers superiorly to palpate hyoid bone

41
Q

Where does the hyoid bone lie in relation to the mandible?

A

3-5cm below mandible

42
Q

Where can the tracheal rings be palpated?

A

Area of jugular notch

43
Q

What happens to the laryngeal cartilages and hyoid bone when swallowing?

A

Move superiorly

44
Q

How can the sternocleidomastoid muscle be easily palpated?

A

Turn head to one side and palpate the muscle on the contralateral side

45
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the SCM?

A

Mastoid process

46
Q

What are the distal attachments of the SCM?

A

Clavicle

Sternum

47
Q

What structures lie immediately beneath the SCM?

A 
Carotid sheath:
- IJV
- Common carotid artery
- CN X
Ansa cervicalis
Cervical plexus
Phrenic nerve
Deep cervical nodes
48
Q

What anatomical sites does the SCM border?

A 
Anterior and posterior triangles of the neck
Anterior triangle:
- Carotid triangle
- Muscular (omotracheal triangle)
Posterior triangle:
- Occipital triangle
- Omoclavicular (subclavian) triangle
49
Q

Can the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae be palpated?

A

Yes

50
Q

How can the cervical spinous processes be more easily palpated?

A

Ask someone to lie prone with forehead on hands and chin tucked in slightly

51
Q

Where can the spinous process of C2 be palpated?

A

3cm inferior to the external occipital protuberance in the midline

52
Q

What spinous processes of the neck are most easy to palpate?

A

C6

C7

53
Q

When palpating the spinous processes of C6 and C7, how can you differentiate between the two?

A

Place finger on C6 spinous process and ask volunteer to extend head and neck:

  • C6 will move forward
  • C7 will not move
54
Q

What connective tissue structure attaches to the cervical spinous processes?

A

Nuchal ligament

55
Q

What are the relations of the carotid sheaths?

A

Lie to either side of the laryngeal cartilages

Covered by SCM

56
Q

Where can the common carotid artery be palpated?

A

Just lateral to thyroid cartilage

Medial to SCM

57
Q

Where is the internal jugular vein typically accessed?

A

Superior apex of triangle formed from the two heads of the distal attachments of the SCM and the clavicle - aim towards opposite nipple (central approach)
OR
Medial edge of SCM at the level of the thyroid cartilage - aim towards ipsilateral nipple (anterior approach)
OR
Point where horizontal line from cricoid cartilage meets lateral border of SCM - aim towards sternal notch (posterior approach)

58
Q

How can the pulse wave of the internal jugular vein be seen?

A

If head and upper body raised to a 30 degree angle and head rotated to opposite side

59
Q

Can the internal jugular vein be palpated?

A

No

60
Q

Where does the internal jugular vein lie?

A

Lateral to the common carotid artery

61
Q

When are the surface markings of veins in the neck important?

A

Assessment of trauma

Venous access

62
Q

What are the surface markings of the external jugular vein?

A

From angle of mandible to middle of clavicle

63
Q

What are the surface markings of the internal jugular vein?

A

Line:

  • From lobe of the ear
  • To medial end of clavicle
64
Q

What are the superficial cervical lymph nodes associated with?

A

External jugular veins

65
Q

What are the deep cervical lymph nodes associated with?

A

Internal jugular veins

66
Q

What other vessel can some lymph nodes be associated with in the neck?

A

Anterior jugular veins

67
Q

What do enlarged (and thus palpable) cervical lymph nodes often indicate?

A

Respiratory or tonsillar infections

68
Q

What metastases may cause enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes?

A

Thyroid gland
Lungs
Breast tissue

69
Q

Why can nerves in the neck not be palpated?

A

Superficial nerves - Too small

Deep nerves - Covered by muscular and fascial structures

70
Q

Where would anaesthetic be injected for a cervical plexus block?

A

Posterior border of SCM

71
Q

Where would anaesthetic be injected for a supraclavicular block?

A

Superior to the midpoint of the clavicle

72
Q

What structure must be avoided in inserting a needle at the posterior border of the SCM (cervical plexus block)? What happens if this structure is damaged?

A

Phrenic nerve:

- Paralysis of hemidiaphragm

73
Q

What thoracic structures extend into the root of the neck and thus may be damaged in a supraclavicular block? What happens if this structure is hit?

A

Lungs:

- Pneumothorax

Anatomy of the Individual (10 decks)

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