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Anatomy of the Individual > Organ Variation > Flashcards

Organ Variation Flashcards

1
Q

How can the spleen vary?

A

Lobulation
Accessory spleen
Wandering spleen
Polysplenia

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2
Q

How does the spleen develop?

A

Develops in dorsal mesogastrium in week 5
Stomach rotates and carries spleen from midline to left
Rotation of mesogastrium forms splenorenal (lienorenal) ligament

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3
Q

What structure does the foetal spleen have?

A

Lobulated

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4
Q

What can remnants of the foetal spleen show as in adults?

A

Clefts

Grooves

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5
Q

What pathology can remnants of the foetal spleen resemble?

A

Splenic lacerations

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6
Q

If lobulations persist on the medial border of the spleen, where can they extend to?

A

Upper pole of left kidney

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7
Q

What is the typical size for an accessory spleen?

A

1-3cm

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8
Q

Where do accessory spleens develop?

A

In early peritoneal folds

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9
Q

Where are the most common sites for accessory spleens?

A

Hilum of spleen

Near tail of pancreas

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10
Q

Where else can an accessory spleen be found?

A 
Near splenic vessels
In tail of pancreas
In gastrosplenic or lienorenal ligament
Wall of stomach/bowel
In mesentery
Pelvis/scrotum
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11
Q

What is the prevalence of accessory spleens?

A

10%

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12
Q

What does an accessory spleen resemble on CT?

A

Lymph node

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13
Q

What is a potential benefit of an accessory spleen?

A

Valuable source of splenic tissue for patients with a ruptured primary spleen

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14
Q

What is the prevalence of a wandering/ectopic spleen?

A

0.5%

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15
Q

What is the aetiology of a wandering spleen?

A

Failures in gastrosplenic and lienorenal ligament development:

  • Abnormally long splenic mesentery
  • Abnormally mobile spleen
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16
Q

In what individuals is a wandering spleen most common?

A

Children

Women aged 20-40 years

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17
Q

How does a wandering spleen present?

A 
Asymptomatic
Splenic torsion:
- Pain (variable)
- May spontaneously de-twist
Acute torsion:
- Infarction
- Capsule stretching
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18
Q

What did a case study by Gayar et al., (2001) show in relation to a wandering spleen?

A 
26 year old female with abdominal pain:
- Spleen in mid-abdomen
4 years later:
- Spleen now in lower pelvis
- Spleen adjacent to bladder and uterus
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19
Q

What laterality disorders can lungs display?

A

Left isomerism:
- Both lungs have the appearance and structure of an anatomically left lung
Right isomerism:
- Both lungs have the appearance and structure of an anatomically right lung

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20
Q

Within the lungs, what are lobar variations important in identification of?

A

Bronchopulmonary segments

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21
Q

What other general lung variations can be seen?

A

Accessory tissues

Variant fissures

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22
Q

In a study by Prakash et al., (2010), what were the findings regarding the transverse fissure?

A

Absent in 7.1%

Incomplete in 50%

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23
Q

In a study by Prakash et al., (2010), what were the findings regarding the oblique fissure?

A 
Right:
- Absent in 7.1%
- Incomplete in 39.3%
Left:
- Absent in 10.7%
- Incomplete in 35.7%
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24
Q

What did 1 of the 29 individuals in the cadaver study by Prakash et al., (2010) have?

A

A single lung filling entire thoracic cavity

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25
Q

What other features were seen as variants in the Prakash et al., (2010) study?

A

Accessory lobe in 27.2%

Supernumerary fissures in 35%

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26
Q

What variations did Eroje and Onyije, (2011) note regarding lobar variations?

A

Right lung:

  • One with incomplete horizontal fissure
  • One with absent horizontal fissure
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27
Q

What variation did Nene et al., (2010) note regarding lobar variations?

A

Left lung with an accessory fissure

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28
Q

How did Gonlugar et al., (2005) describe the embryonic origin of tracheobronchial tree variations?

A

Anomalies result in lung buds develop at atypical sites or to an inappropriate number:

  • Failure of regression?
  • Migration of additional mesenchyme?
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29
Q

How many bronchoscopies did Gonlugar et al., (2005) review?

A

2550

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30
Q

How many of the bronchoscopies examined by Gonlugar et al., (2005) displayed major tracheobronchial tree variations?

A

2.6% (67 patients)

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31
Q

What was the most common major tracheobronchial tree variation found by Gonlugar et al., (2005)?

A

Bifurcate pattern in right upper lobe:

- In 32 out of the 67 patients with variants (47.8%)

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32
Q

Where was the most common site for variation in the lungs noted by Gonlugar et al., (2005)?

A

Right upper lobe:

- 71.6%

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33
Q

In who are the variants noted by Gonlugar et al., (2005) most common?

A

In men:

- For all variants except one

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34
Q

What are some examples of right sided variations noted by Gonlugar et al., (2005)?

A

Tracheal (pre-eparterial) bronchus
Right upper lobe segments
Post-eparterial bronchus
Accessory cardiac bronchus

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35
Q

When does the liver primordium appear in utero?

A

In the middle of the 3rd week

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36
Q

What is the liver bud?

A

An outgrowth of endodermal epithelium in the distal foregut

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37
Q

What does the liver bud grow into? What does this structure also contribute to?

A

Septum transversum:

  • A mesodermal plate between pericardial cavity and stalk of yolk sac
  • Also contributes to diaphragm
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38
Q

How does the bile duct form?

A

As the liver bud continues to penetrate the septum transversum, the connection between the liver bud (hepatic diverticulum) and duodenum narrows

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39
Q

What forms the gallbladder and cystic duct?

A

A small ventral outgrowth from the bile duct

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40
Q

Where does the liver lie in situs inversus?

A

On the left

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41
Q

In isomerism (situs ambiguus), where do the liver and gallbladder lie?

A

Midline

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42
Q

What are the type 1 liver variations?

A

Defective:

  • Agenesis
  • Aplasia
  • Hypoplasia
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43
Q

What are the type 2 liver variations?

A

Excessive:

  • Accessory lobes
  • Ectopic tissue
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44
Q

Is total liver agenesis serious?

A

Yes

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45
Q

Is partial liver agenesis serious?

A

Usually not

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46
Q

How does partial liver agenesis present?

A

Asymptomatic
Usually incidentally found during:
- Surgery
- Autopsy

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47
Q

What studies describe hypoplasia or agenesis of the left lobe of the liver?

A

Prithishkumar and Kanakasabapathy, 2010 (agenesis)

Belton and VanZandt, 1983 (total congenital absence)

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48
Q

What studies describe hypoplasia or agenesis of the right lobe of the liver?

A

Radin et al., 1987 (agenesis)

Inoue et al., 1997 (hypoplasia)

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49
Q

Describe the findings of the Belton and VanZandt, (1983) study?

A

70 year old female:
- Total absence of left lobe on laparotomy
43 year old male:
- Thought to have hepatomegaly on examination
- CT showed a transverse stomach (mimicked hepatomegaly) and no liver to left of gallbladder fossa

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50
Q

What were the variations noted in the 68 year old females cadaver in the case study by Prithishjumar and Kanakasabapathy, (2010)?

A 
Total agenesis of left lobe up to falciform ligament
5 separate nodules around porta hepatis:
- One attached to gallbladder
- One attached to falciform ligament
Right lobe:
- Abnormal shape
- Poorly defined inferior border
Caudate lobe hypertrophy
Thick connective tissue band to left of falciform ligament
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51
Q

What did histological analysis of the thick connective tissue band in the cadaver in the Prithishjumar and Kanakasabapathy, (2010) case study find?

A

Dense connective tissue
Small tubes
A few blood vessels

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52
Q

What did Prithishjumar and Kanakasabapathy, (2010) conclude the thick connective tissue band was? What did they determine this had caused?

A

A connective tissue remnant of septum transversum:

  • Stopped development of portion of hepatic epithelial trabeculae in septum transversum mesenchyme
  • This stopped left liver lobe development
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53
Q

How many cases of right lobe agenesis have been noted in literature? Since when?

A

19 since 1956

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54
Q

How did most of the reported cases of right lobe agenesis present?

A

Biliary tract disease

Portal hypertension

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55
Q

How many of the reported cases of right lobe of liver agenesis were incidental findings?

A

5

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56
Q

What imaging had the patients with incidental finding of right lobe agenesis undergone?

A

CT

USS

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57
Q

What were the incidental findings of the Radin et al., (1978) study?

A

5 patients with no right lobe of liver:

  • Hypertrophy of other lobes
  • 3 also had absent caudate lobes
  • Gallbladders lay posterior to medial segment of left lobe (suprahepatic)
  • Dilated bile ducts
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58
Q

What were the demographics of the Aktan et al., (2001) study between 1997-1999?

A 
383 patients:
- 190 males
- 193 females
54 cadavers
Ages 32-64
All with no hepatic or parenchyma abnormalities
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59
Q

What did some of the cadavers show in the Aktan et al., (2001) study?

A

There can be absence of lobes and fusion of lobes without pathological consequences

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60
Q

What did CTs of the patients in the Aktan et al., (2001) study show?

A

Absence of left or right lobes (partial or complete) may not result in pathology

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61
Q

What were the hepatic parenchyma variations seen in a case study by Saigusa et al., (2001)?

A 
Left lobe:
- Not entirely missing (hypoplastic)
- No parenchyma
- Membranous
Right and left hepatic ducts both present
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62
Q

What were the vascular variations seen in the case study by Saigusa et al., (2001)?

A

Right, left and middle hepatic arteries present

Left branch of portal vein connected to venous and rough ligaments of liver

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63
Q

What organ was absent in the cadaver in the Saigusa et al., (2001) case study?

A

Gallbladder

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64
Q

What were the hypothesised aetiologies of the variations seen in the Saigusa et al., (2001) case study?

A

?Disgenesis of hepatic primordium
?Anomalous umbilical vein
?Embolism in/Insufficient growth of left branch of portal vein
?Disorganised nutrient supply

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65
Q

Describe case 1 in the study of livers by Lee et al., (2004).

A

75 year old female who died of pneumonia:

  • Hypoplastic left lobe (cyst like; thick, scar-like walls)
  • Dilated ducts and vessels within left lobe
66
Q

Describe case 2 in the study of livers by Lee et al., (2004).

A

91 year old male who died of brain infarct:

  • 3 ‘rugby-ball’ shaped masses of parenchyma formed hypoplastic left lobe
  • Covered in peritoneum
67
Q

Describe the demographics of the 31 cases in Japanese literature of agenesis and hypogenesis of the right lobe of liver. What does this imply?

A

82.7% aged over 50
44.8% ages over 70
Implies it is a latent anomaly:
- As only 8 had abnormal liver function

68
Q

How did the patient in the case study by Inoue et al., (1997) present?

A

74 year old male with gastric cancer:

- Mass in epigastrium

69
Q

What did imaging of the patient in the case study by Inoue et al., (1997) show?

A

USS:
- Large left lobe of liver (lateral segment)
- Small right lobe
- Small caudate lobe
Technetium 99m scintigraphy:
- Increased accumulation in left lobe (and spleen)
- Only slight accumulation in right lobe

70
Q

What other findings were seen in the patient in the case study by Inoue et al., (1997)?

A 
Ectopic dislocation of gallbladder
Well-developed left hepatic artery
Small right hepatic artery
Normal parenchyma on biopsy of both lobes
Portal hypertension
71
Q

What is the incidence of ectopic or accessory hepatic tissues found during laparoscopy or autopsy?

72
Q

How did the patient in the Han and Soylu, (2009) case study present?

A

26 year old female:

  • Dry cough
  • Normal blood tests
73
Q

What did imaging of the patient in the Han and Soylu, (2009) case study show?

A

CXR and CT chest showed accessory liver in thorax

74
Q

How many cases of supradiaphragmatic liver have been reported?

75
Q

What are the four main types of ectopic liver? (Reference?)

A

Type A = Liver not attached to main liver but attached to gallbladder/ligaments
Type B = Microscopic liver found in gallbladder
Type C = Large accessory liver attached to main liver by stalk
Type D = Small ectopic (10-30g) attached to liver by stalk (Christine et al., 2004)

76
Q

What type of ectopic liver was seen in the Han and Soylu, (2009) case study?

A

Type C:

- Large accessory liver attached by vascular stalk

77
Q

What might ectopic livers be related to?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma development

78
Q

Describe the case study by Parke et al., (1996)?

A

Found a large lobe weighing 165.4g hanging from left lobe of liver in a 93 year old female cadaver:

  • Died of stroke
  • Marginal lobe
79
Q

What did Parke et al., (1996) find when they compared their case and marginal lobes in the literature to perinatal livers?

A

Discrepancies between adult and perinatal livers
Ectopic accessory lobes:
- Rare in adults
- Relatively common in perinatal livers (6/52 = 11.5%)
No marginal lobes in perinatal specimens

80
Q

What other features of hepatic tissues are common in perinatal livers?

A 
Gallbladder bridges of hepatic material (3/52)
Accessory fissures (28/52)
81
Q

How did Parke et al., (1996) describe the differences between perinatal and adult livers?

A

There is considerable non-uniform remodelling of the hepatic components
Many foetal variants disappear
Marginal lobes:
- Retention of original foetal boundary of anterior liver

82
Q

What is a bifid liver?

A

Right and left lobes not connected

83
Q

What is the incidence of a bifid liver?

84
Q

Describe the presentation of the patient in the case study by Nan and Lu-Nan, (2010)?

A

61 year old female with RUQ pain:

  • Left lobe hepatolithiasis
  • Underwent laparotomy
85
Q

What did laparotomy of the patient in the case study by Nan and Lu-Nan, (2010) show?

A

2 lobes with median fissure
IVC visible under fibrous midline tissue
Size and shape of rest of liver and gallbladder normal

86
Q

What did Nan and Lu-Nan propose could be the origin of the variation they noted?

A

Undefined embryological factors may result in connective tissue encapsulating the liver cell cord before fusion of the right and left lobes

87
Q

From what germ layer do the kidneys develop from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

88
Q

What is the first kidney system to form in utero? Describe this system.

A

Pronephros:

  • Very similar to fish kidney
  • Forms in early 4th week
  • Non-functioning
  • Regresses completely
89
Q

What is the second kidney system to form in utero? Describe this system.

A

Mesonephros:

  • Derived from intermediate mesoderm in upper thoracic to upper lumbar segments
  • Form in late week 4
  • Well developed
  • Functions until mid- month 2 then regresses
  • Some caudal tubes remain in the genital system of males
90
Q

What is the third kidney system to form in utero? Describe this system.

A

Metanephros:

  • Primordia of permanent kidney
  • Develops from metanephric mesoderm in week 5
  • Functional by week 9
91
Q

Where does the metanephric kidney lie initially?

92
Q

When does the primordial kidney reach adult position?

93
Q

How does the kidney reach its abdominal adult position?

A

Ascent is relative due to growth of tissues caudal to the kidneys:
- Pelvis moves away from kidneys

94
Q

Where do the kidneys lie in the adult?

A

Retroperitoneum

95
Q

What is the orientation of the hilum of the kidney throughout development?

A

Initially ventral-facing
Rotates:
- Almost 90 degrees
- Faces anteromedially by week 9

96
Q

What are the kidney variations that MacDonald Brown read to the anatomical section of the BMA in 1893?

A 
I = Kidneys normal in position and size; altered in form
II = Kidneys normal in position; altered in relative size
III = Variations in number
IV = Variations in position
V = Malformations
VI = Variation of ureters
VII = Vascular abnormalities
97
Q

What percentage of all congenital abnormalities do urogenital variations make up?

98
Q

What is the rarest urogenital variation?

A

Supernumerary kidney:

  • First described in 1656
  • 80 cases reported so far
99
Q

What causes a supernumerary kidney?

A

Secondary outpouching of Wolffian (mesonephric) duct
OR
Initial ureteral bud variations:
- Bifurcation of ureteral bud and individual penetration of both branches into metanephrogenic blastema
- Two initial ureteral buds

100
Q

What can supernumerary kidney be associated with?

A

Other urogenital abnormalities

101
Q

What are the 3 forms of supernumerary kidney?

A

Encapsulated
Totally separate from original kidney
Connected to original kidney by a connective tissue sheath

102
Q

How did the patient in the case study by Ozturk et al., (2007) present?

A

39 year old female:

  • Pain in right lower quadrant
  • UTI
103
Q

What did imaging of the patient in the case study by Ozturk et al., (2007) show?

A

USS:
- Suspicious mass in pelvis
CT:
- 2 functioning kidneys in normal positions
- 3rd functioning kidney in right iliac fossa

104
Q

How was the patient in the case study by Ozturk et al., (2007) treated?

A

Antibiotics for UTI

Diclofenac (anti-inflammatory) for pain

105
Q

How did the patient in the case study by Kusuma et al., (2005) present?

A

36 year old male:

  • Painful swelling in left inguinal region
  • 1 month duration
  • 4cm x 5cm swelling
106
Q

What did examination and abdominal imaging of the patient in the case study by Kusuma et al., (2005) show?

A 
Examination:
- Left scrotum empty
Abdominal scan:
- Normal
- 2 normal kidneys
107
Q

What was the initial diagnosis of the patient in the case study by Kusuma et al., (2005)?

A

Indirect inguinal hernia

Undescended left testis

108
Q

What was found during surgery of the patient in the case study by Kusuma et al., (2005)?

A

Hernial sac contained undescending testis plus small bean-shaped mass:
- 3cm x 2cm x 2cm

109
Q

What did histological analysis of the mass show in the case study by Kusuma et al., (2005)?

A

Cortex and medulla with glomeruli and tubules in developmental stages

110
Q

How did the patient in a case study by Favorito and Morais, (2012) present?

A

27 year old female with 3 days history of:
- Left flank pain
- Fever
Diagnosed with UTI

111
Q

What did a MRI scan of the patient in a case study by Favorito and Morais, (2012) show?

A

Supernumerary kidney:

  • Fused at superior pole to inferior pole of left kidney
  • Both it and the normal left kidney had separate collecting systems and ureters
112
Q

How was the patient in the in a case study by Favorito and Morais, (2012) treated?

A

Antibiotics for UTI

113
Q

How did the patient in the Floyd et al., (2012) case study present?

A

45 year old male with sciatica

114
Q

What did an MRI of the patient in the Floyd et al., (2012) case study show?

A 
Mass in abdomen
Absence of right kidney
Dilated:
- Right blind-ending ureter
- Right seminal vesicle
115
Q

How does renal agenesis arise?

A

Ureteral bud fails to develop and hence there is no induction of the metanephric tissue to form the metanephric blastema

116
Q

What is the incidence of horseshoe kidneys in cadavers?

117
Q

What is the male:female ratio of horseshoe kidneys?

118
Q

What pathology is horseshoe kidney often associated with?

A

Renal calculi

119
Q

Describe the structure of the kidney in the 40 year old cadaver in a case study by Ongeti et al., (2011)?

A

Retroperitoneal horseshoe kidney:

  • Kidneys united with bridge at L2
  • Kidneys fused at inferior poles just before IMA
120
Q

Describe the partial duplex system of the horseshoe kidney in the case study by Ongeti et al., (2011)?

A

Each kidney had:
- 2 ureters which fused at lower pole of each kidney
- A superior and inferior renal artery
Only the right kidney had 2 renal veins

121
Q

What would have made a complete duplex system in the case study by Ongeti et al., (2011)?

A

The left kidney also having 2 renal veins instead of just 1

122
Q

When was the first transplantation of a horseshoe kidney?

A

1975 by Nelson and Palmer

123
Q

Why might a horseshoe kidney be used for transplant?

A

Shortage of donor organs

124
Q

What makes horseshoe kidney transplants more difficult?

A

Vessel variations

125
Q

What type of transplant is carried out if the urinary collection system of a horseshoe kidney is in the midline?

126
Q

How is a horseshoe transplant surgery carried out if the urinary collecting systems are separate?

A

Divide horseshoe kidney at isthmus

127
Q

Describe the kidney transplant operation carried out by Salehipour et al., (2007)?

A 
Donor kidney was horseshoe
Each side:
- 2 arteries
- 1 vein
- 1 ureter
Kidney removed en bloc and split at isthmus:
- Into 2 recipients
128
Q

How did the patient present in a case study by Ramasamay et al., (2009)?

A

10 year old boy:

  • Fever
  • Lower limb swelling
  • Passing little urine
  • Suprapubic mass
  • Undescended left testis
129
Q

What variation caused the presentation in a case study by Ramasamay et al., (2009)?

A

Hydronephrotic pelvic kidney (1L of pus removed)
Horseshoe kidney:
- Right side functioning
- Left side non-functioning

130
Q

What was seen during surgery of the patient in a case study by Ramasamay et al., (2009)?

A

Right side of horseshoe drained into ureter:

- Joined by supernumerary pelvic kidney’s ureter

131
Q

How did the patient in the Mustafa, (2012) study present?

A

63 year old male with persistent mild abdominal pain

132
Q

What did an IV pyelogram and CT show in the study by Mustafa, (2012)?

A 
2 left malrotated kidneys:
- 2 separate collecting systems
- 1 ureter
2 right unified ectopic kidneys:
- Separate collecting systems
- Horseshoe isthmus
- In lower mid-abdomen
133
Q

What are pelvic kidneys?

A

Kidneys that do not ascend

134
Q

What are more common, thoracic or pelvic kidneys?

A

Pelvic kidneys

135
Q

What are ectopic kidneys associated with?

A

Obstruction
Infection
Calculi formation

136
Q

What are thoracic kidneys?

A

Kidneys that ascend too far

137
Q

What is the incidence of thoracic kidneys in cadavers?

A

1 in 13,000 autopsies

138
Q

What percentage of ectopic kidneys are thoracic?

139
Q

What are the two types of thoracic kidneys?

A

Totally in thorax

Within diaphragmatic defect capped with fibrous connective tissue

140
Q

What did Govindarajan and Meenashisundaram, (2011) discover on the dissection of a 73 year old male cadaver?

A

Right kidney lying between L4 and S2:

  • Superior polar artery and right renal artery from left side of abdominal aorta at L4
  • Renal vein from superior pole to IVC
  • Renal vein from hilum to left suprarenal vein then to left renal vein
141
Q

What is a pancake kidney?

A

Pelvic kidney
Both kidneys fail to ascend and remain in pelvis
Limited space so kidneys fuse into one lump

142
Q

Describe the vasculature to the pancake kidney of a 70 year old male in a study by Eckes and Lawrence, (1997)?

A

Right and left renal arteries to pancake kidney arose from the right and left common iliac arteries respectively
A small aortic branch supplied the middle section of the pancake kidney

143
Q

Why was the patient scanned in the case study by Eckes and Lawrence, (1997)?

A

To plan bilateral common iliac artery reconstruction:

- Patient had an aneurysm of the left common iliac artery from USS

144
Q

How did the patient in the case study by Dogra, (1999) present?

A

20 year old male:

  • Abdominal mass
  • Abdominal pain
  • Reduced urine output
145
Q

What were the causes of the patient presentation in the case study by Dogra, (1999)?

A

Multiple calculi:

- Obstruction and renal failure

146
Q

What was the variation causing the patient’s pathology in the case study by Dogra, (1999)?

A

Left to right crossed ectopic kidney:

- The left kidney had NOT fused to right kidney

147
Q

What percentage of crossed kidneys remain unfused?

148
Q

What was the outcome of the patient in the case study by Dogra, (1999)?

A

Stones were cleared and he recovered

149
Q

How do thoracic ectopic kidneys usually present?

A

Asymptomatic

150
Q

What did an abdominal USS of a 38 year old male by Mensah and Forson, (2010) show?

A

?Small right kidney

151
Q

What did IV urography in the case study by Mensah and Forson, (2010) show?

A

Right kidney in abdomen
Left kidney in thorax:
- Normal size
- Malrotated
- Normal left adrenal gland
- Ureter through left hemidiaphragm to bladder
- Renal artery from L1 through hemidiaphragm

152
Q

What was the patient in the Liddell et al., (1989) study undergoing CXRs?

A

Required surgery to band the pulmonary artery due to worsening congestive heart failure

153
Q

Who was the patient in the Liddell et al., (1989) case study?

A

A 6 month year old boy with Down’s syndrome

154
Q

What did the pre-op CXR of the patient in the Liddell et al, (1989) case study show?

A

Bilateral thoracic masses:

- Found to be kidneys on USS

155
Q

Following CXR at age 6 months, what previous scans were reviewed in the Liddell et al., (1989) case study and what did they show?

A

Neonatal CXR and abdominal USS;

- Kidneys in normal position at that time

156
Q

What was the defect in the diaphragm capped by in the patient in the Liddell et al., (1989) case study?

A

Connective tissue

157
Q

How many people have 2-4 renal arteries to each kidney?

158
Q

Where do extra renal arteries usually arise and enter the kidney?

A

Usually from aorta

Often don’t enter at hilum

159
Q

What can happen if extra renal arteries cross the ureter?

A

Hydronephrosis if causing obstruction

160
Q

Why can damaged accessory renal arteries result in ischaemic areas?

A

They are end arteries

161
Q

How much more common are accessory renal arteries than accessory renal veins?

A

Almost twice as common

162
Q

What variations were seen in the case study by Rakesh et al., (2008)?

A

60 year old cadaver:
- Right kidney pyramidal shape with anteriorly-facing hilum
- Right renal artery twisted around right renal vein
- IVC kinked to right
Left kidney:
- 2 renal arteries
- 1 renal vein

Anatomy of the Individual (10 decks)

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