supraspinal control and cerebellum

Question 2

Ventromedial pathwaysVestibulospinal and Tectospinal tracts control posture of the __ + ___Pontine and Medullary Reticulospinal tractscontrol posture of the trunk and antigravity muscles of the __projections to lamina ___ + __neurones have many collaterals

Answer 2

head and necklimbsVII and VIII.

Question 3

The lateral pathwaysCorticospinal and Rubrospinal tracts control fine, fractionated movements of limbs and fingers. The lateral CST terminates on __muscle MNs, the ventral CST terminates on___ + ___ axial and proximal muscle MNsrubrospinal: Projections to interneurones in laminae __-___mostly influence motoneurons for distal muscles.

Answer 3

V-VIII.distal axial and proximal

Question 4

Thalamocortical connectionsVentral ___Nucleus → primary motor cortex (M1).Ventral __Nucleus → supplies premotor (PM) cortex and supplementary motor area (SMA)

Answer 4

Lateral Anterior

Question 5

There is convergence and divergence from M1 pyramidal neurons upon spinal ___. M1 neurones code for muscle force. coding is coarse, e.g. firing during a range of movementsvector sum of all motor cortex neuronalactivity -approx to the direction of arm movement. : “population coding”.

Answer 5

motoneurons

Question 6

Primary motor cortex (M1) - in __gyrus. Layer V pyramidal cells project long axons down theCST–> spinal MNs directly and the rest to spinal interneurons. Different muscle groups are controlled by different parts of M1 - face and upper body ventrolateral parts of M1, lower limbs by upper dorsomedial parts

Answer 6

precentral

Question 7

PM plans movements based on __cues SMA is involved with planning movements based on ___generated strategies (e.g. learned sequences of movements and mental rehearsal of these movements

Answer 7

external, esp visualinternally

Question 8

Vestibulocerebellum•___-___ lobe & vermis•Control proximal muscles and limb extensors•Flocculo-nodular lobe–Input from the vestibular labyrinth–projects directly to vestibular nuclei•Vermis–input from neck & trunk, vestibular labyrinth, retinal & extraocular muscles–output : reticulospinal & vestibulospinal & corticospinal

Answer 8

Flocculo-nodular

Question 9

Spinocerebellum•Intermediate cerebellum•receives sensory information from __•Controls the dorsolateral decending systems (rubrispinal& corticospinal) acting on ipsilateral limbs

Answer 9

limbs

Question 10

Pontocerebellum•Lateral cerebellum•receives cortical input via the pontine nucleus•influences the motor & premoto rcortex via ___nucleus of the thalamus

Answer 10

ventrolateral

Question 11

The flocculo-nodular lobe controls balance and eye movements.•The vermis and pars intermedia adjust ___________.•The cerebellar hemispheres help coordinate the planning of limb movements -they project in particular to __cortex.

Answer 11

ongoing movement of the whole bodyPM

Question 12

cerebellar lesions___-loss of muscle tone -reduced spindle discharge?•___-loss of co-ordination.•Deficiencies in movement distance (___), velocity and rhythm of muscle contractions.•Loss of co-ordination between different muscle groups (___).•Postural abnormalities.•Ataxia of trunk and legs –>ataxia of __.•Ataxia of arms -nobsmooth movements with _tremor.•Force and rhythm deficits revealed as ________.

Answer 12

HypotonusAtaxiadysmetriaasynergiagaitintention dysdiadochokinesia

Question 13

what structures make up the basal ganglia?

Answer 13

caudate, putamen ,globus pallidus.subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra

Question 14

Huntingdons is degeneration of which neurones?

Answer 14

cholinergic and GABAergic from striatum

Question 15

LMNs arise in ventral horn and BS. where do cell bodies of UMN arise?

Answer 15

cortex (pyramidal tract) and brainstem (extrapyramidal tract)

Question 16

corticobulbar fibres terminate on LMNs in the ____ and control ___ movementsCST has little effect on the ___limbs85% decussate—> __CST15% stay uncrossed–> ___CST

Answer 16

brainstem, faciallowerlateral, anterior