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LOGIC > Supposition & Definition of Terms > Flashcards

Supposition & Definition of Terms Flashcards

1
Q

A term with a definition and a specific meaning within a proposition. It has the property acquired from its use in the proposition.

A

Supposition

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2
Q

2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF SUPPOSITION

A

Proper Supposition
Improper Supposition

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3
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF SUPPOSITION

2 Types of Proper Supposition

A

Material Supposition
Formal Supposition

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4
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF SUPPOSITION

A term when its meaning stands for the proper object in the real order. This can be either material or formal.

A

Proper Supposition

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5
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF SUPPOSITION
•Proper Supposition

A term stands for the term itself as either written or spoken without referring to its meaning.
Example:
God is a three letter word.
Angel is the name of my friend.

A

Material Supposition

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6
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF SUPPOSITION
•Proper Supposition

This stands for the real meaning of the term.

A

Formal Supposition

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7
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF SUPPOSITION
•Proper Supposition

2 Types of Formal Supposition

A

Logical Supposition
Real Supposition

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8
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF SUPPOSITION
•Proper Supposition
~ Formal Supposition

This refers to the term that stands for a mere concept.
Example:
Man is a universal idea.
Happiness is a concept

A

Logical Supposition

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9
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF SUPPOSITION
•Proper Supposition
~Formal Supposition

This stands for the thing itself.
Example:
All men are mortal.
Animals are bodily substances.
Horses are four legged individuals

A

Real Supposition

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10
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF SUPPOSITION

A term stands for another thing other than what it suggests. It includes the use of metaphor and figurative speech.
Example:
The department of health advised the public to observe earth day.
The commission on election declared that Mindanao is under the state of calamity.

A

imProper Supposition

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11
Q

Purpose of Definition of Terms

A

To increase one’s vocabulary
To minimize or eliminate ambiguity or vagueness
To set a theoretical framework
To influence attitude

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12
Q

2 Types of Definition

A

Nominal definition
Real Definition

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13
Q

Type of Definition

Expresses what the name means, not what the thing is. It circumscribes the precise meaning of a given word without going into the real nature of the word.

A

Nominal definition

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14
Q

Type of Definition
•Nominal definition

This is a definition that is derived from the meaning of the original word or words from which the definiendum is derived. This is the definition that gives the origin of the word.
Examples:
Phobophobia means the fear of fear (the word comes from the Greek term fobia [phobia], which means fear).
Philosophy is love of wisdom (it comes from the Greek words Fileiv [philein], which means “to love” and sofia [Sophia] which means “wisdom”.

A

Etymological definition

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15
Q

Type of Definition
•Nominal definition

This gives the same connotation of the term. This kind of definition is so exact that it replaces the meaning of the term with another term in any context without changing the meaning of definiendum.
Example:
Large means big.
Ephemeral means short lived.

A

Synonymous definition

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16
Q

The term to be defined

A

definiendum

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17
Q

Type of Definition
•Nominal definition

This gives description to the definiendum in such a way that it gives a picture of the term as there is no appropriate word that gives a good real definition of such term.
Example: A flashlight is a handy object giving off battery powered light.

A

definition by description

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18
Q

Type of Definition
•Nominal definition

This is the definition that gives an example of a definition for more concrete understanding of the term being defined.
Example: Car - Toyota

A

definition by example

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19
Q

Type of Definition
•Nominal definition

This gives a clear picture of the definiendum through the use of illustration that pictures the meaning of the term.

A

definition by illustration

20
Q

Type of Definition
•Nominal definition

This is also known as definition by simple identification, which indicates the meaning of the term by showing or pointing to the object.
Example:
What is a chair? This is a chair.
He is the Father Provincial.

A

ostensive definition

21
Q

Type of Definition

This is the definition that explains the essential properties of the object represented by the definiendum. It is usually conceived in terms of the metaphysical definition.

A

Real definition

22
Q

Type of Definition

Two parts of Real definition

A

Essential definition
Non essential definition

23
Q

Type of Definition

Two parts of Essential definition

A

definition by genus
definition by specific difference

24
Q

Type of Definition
•Real definition
~Essential definition

Makes a thing similar to others

A

definition by genus

25
Q

Type of Definition
• REAL DEFINITION
~ Essential definition

A square is a rectangle with four equal sides.
Identity the genus and the specific difference

A

The genus of the square is rectangle;
its specific difference from other rectangles is that it has four equal sides.

26
Q

Type of Definition
• Real definition

This definition gives the more notable characteristics of a thing.

A

Non Essential definition

27
Q

Type of Definition
REAL DEFINITION
Types of Non Essential definition

A

Definition by description
definition by cause

28
Q

Type of Definition
• REAL DEFINITION
~ Non essential definition

gives the genus a description in view of the specific difference.

A

Definition by description

29
Q

Type of Definition
•Non essential definition

Two types of Definition by description

A

Description by properties
Description by logical accidents

30
Q

Type of Definition
• REAL DEFINITION
~ Non essential definition
> Definition by description

This gives the natural characteristics of a thing that follows necessarily from the essence of the thing in question.

A

Description by properties

31
Q

Type of Definition
•Non essential definition
~ Definition by description
> Description by properties

Comedy is a drama of light and amusing character and typically with a happy ending.

identify the genus and the properties

A

the genus is the drama and the properties are of light and amusing character and typically with a happy ending.

32
Q

Type of Definition
REAL DEFINITION
•Non essential definition
~ Definition by description

This definition explains a thing by giving characteristics that are contingently connected with it. It can be through characteristic properties, uncharacteristic properties, or of properties either singly or collectively found in the objects defined.
Example:
Water is H2O (characteristic properties).
Pegasus is a legendary horse with wings (uncharacteristic properties).
A comet is a bright heavenly body that has a long tail pointing away from the sun (properties found only in the object being defined).

A

Description by logical accidents

33
Q

Type of Definition
•Non essential definition

states the cause instead of the specific difference.

A

Definition by Cause

34
Q

Type of Definition
REAL DEFINITION
•Non essential definition

5 Kinds of Definition by Cause

A

Final Cause
Efficient Cause
Material Cause
Formal Cause
Genetic Cause

35
Q

Type of Definition
REAL DEFINITION
•Non essential definition
~ Definition by Cause

This is used for statement of aims and for man made articles especially.
Example: A thermometer is an instrument used to measure body temperature.

A

Final Cause

36
Q

Type of Definition
REAL DEFINITION
•Non essential definition
~ Definition by Cause

This gives the description of activities that point to the cause of these activities.
Example:
Leukemia is a disease caused by an abnormal increase in the number of leukocytes in the tissues and often in the blood.

A

Efficient Cause

37
Q

Type of Definition
•Non essential definition
~ Definition by Cause

This gives refers to the stuff out of which something else is created.
Example: That candy is made from cactus.

A

Material Cause

38
Q

Type of Definition
•Non essential definition
~ Definition by Cause

This is that which makes a thing what it is.
Example:
The ice sculpture is in the form of a swan.

A

Formal Cause

39
Q

Type of Definition
•Non essential definition
~ Definition by Cause

This is that which gives the procedure or operation out of which a thing results. This also gives the mode of origin a thing.
Example:
This is how to bake a cake.

A

Genetic Cause

40
Q

Things that cannot be given a real definition
(and examples)

A

Proper Nouns/Individuals (Jose Rizal, Apolinario Mabini)
Transcendental ideas (being, extent, equity, object)
Ultimate Metaphysical Categories (substance, property)
Sense data (colors)

41
Q

4 Rules of Good Definition

A

Clarity
Adequacy
Positive
Brief

42
Q

Rules of Good Definition

A definition should avoid vagueness or ambiguity. A highly theoretical definition and figurative language must, therefore, be avoided. Definition must be presented in a language an average person can understand. It must also not be misleading. Hence, definitions that do not satisfy these criteria are said to be obscure or figurative.
Obscure definition: Net is the reticulated fabric decussated at regular intervals with interstices and intersections.❌
Figurative definition: Happiness is a way station between too little and too much.❌

A

Clarity

43
Q

Rules of Good definition

A definition must be specific. It must not be too narrow nor too broad. A definition is said to be too narrow if it prevents us from applying a term to all of the things to which it cannot be applied. On the other hand, it is said to be too broad if it allows us to apply a term to things to which it cannot be applied. Here, the definiendum and the definiens must be mutually interchangeable.
Example: A wolf is a sheep killing animal.
This definition of “wolf” is too narrow because it doesn’t include all wolves, since there are wolves that don’t kill sheep; it’s also too broad because sheep killing is applicable to animals other than wolves.

A

Adequacy

44
Q

Rules of Good definition

A definition must not be negative if it can be positive. As a rule, opposition is not an adequate way of defining terms. A definition must state what a thing is, not what a thing is not.
Wisdom is the avoidance of folly. ❌
A circle is a figure that has no sides. ❌

A

Positive

45
Q

Rules of Good definition

A definition must not be circular, it should be precise. It should not use defined term as part of its definition. Most circular definitions give us little or no information at all and therefore, should be avoided.
Example:
A cookbook is a book for cooking.❌
An answering machine is the machine that answers.❌

A

Brief

46
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF SUPPOSITION

A term stands for another thing other than what it suggests. It includes the use of metaphor and figurative speech.
Example:
The department of health advised the public to observe earth day.
The commission on election declared that Mindanao is under the state of calamity.

A

imProper Supposition

47
Q

2 Types of Definition

A

nominal definition
Real definition

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