Logic of Terms Flashcards
an articulate sound that serves as a conventional or arbitrary sign of a concept
Term
A word or group of words that can serve as the subject or the predicate of the proposition
Term
Man is a rational being.
identify the subject and the predicate.
Man - subject
rational being - predicate
A term that which consists of a single word.
Example: the term “Man” in the proposition “Man is a rational being.”
Simple term
Consists of a group of words that signify one thing or a kind of thing when they are taken together as a unit.
Example: in the proposition “The black little cat-like animal with a white stripe down its back is a skunk.”
The complete subject of the logical proposition consists of a dozen words. However it is still considered as one term because the dozen words constitute of a single unit.
Complex term
Terms that signify the essence or nature of a thing. They signify concepts directly and immediately.
Significant Terms
whatness
quiddity
Terms that merely point out things without signifying the quiddity or nature.
Non-significant Terms
examples of Non-significant terms
Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives (this, these, that and those)
Proper nouns
A class term that may be applicable to more than one object.
Example: The _______ term “planet” applies in the same sense equally to Mars, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and so on. In one sense, the meaning of these various objects would mean collection of the planets. The meaning of the term “planet” in this important sense consists of the objects to which the term may be correctly applied.
General Term
The sense of meaning is called
extensional or denotative meaning of the term.
2 Types of Extension of the term:
Absolute Extension
Functional Extension
COMPREHENSION AND EXTENSION OF TERM AND THEIR INVERSE PROPOSITION
This is the sum total of the subjects whose quiddity (essence or nature) is signified by the term and concept. This sum total includes everything that has the same knowledge of the term-both the kinds of things possessing it, such as general and species, and the individuals possessing it.
Example: the term “man” includes in its extension all races of men - of the past, present, and future; all individual men, both actual and possible; and even, in a way, the men of fiction and fairytale.
the term “animals” includes both man and the irrational animals in each extension because the entire understanding of “animals” is realized in each of them.
Absolute Extension
In absolute extension, the subjects whose quiddity is signified by a term are called _______
Inferiors
In Absolute Extension, the term man, brute, winged horse, dog, and so on, are inferiors of the _____________ “animal”.
superior term
COMPREHENSION AND EXTENSION OF TERMS AND THEIR INVERSE PROPORTION
Kind of extension that includes only those subjects that it actually sets before the mind when it is used in a discourse.
Functional Extension
3 kinds of functional extension
singular
particular
universal
meaning that supposes some criterion for deciding of any given object, whether it falls within the given extension of that term.
intensional/connotative meaning
The set of attributes shared by all and only those subjects to which the term refers
intension/comprehension/connotation
The sum total of the intelligible elements of the quiddity signified by the term (or concept)
The sum total includes, in the first place, the basic elements that a thing has to have in order to have in order to be thought of as the kind of thing signified by the term. It includes, in the second place, whatever is deducible from these basic elements.
comprehension of a term
The intelligible elements are referred to as
notes
The comprehension of the term “man” includes:
rational, sentient, animate, corporeal substance
These terms are actually the ____ that are looked upon as basic to the quiddity of “man”. In these terms are included the ____ that are deducible from these, such as
capable of speech, social being, and tool-using.
notes
The comprehension of “man” does not include the terms
handsome, brown and Filipino.
This is because comprehension is not subjective but ________.
objective
person < living person < living person over 22 years old
The intension of each is greater than those preceding it in the sequence. When attributes are added to the extension of the term, we say that the _________________.
extension increases
living person over 22 years old < living person < person
increasing comprehension
The greater the comprehension of the term, the less its absolute extension would be; while the greater the absolute extension, the less its comprehension will be.
Inverse ratio or the inverse proportion between comprehension and extension
7 Kinds of Terms
- Terms According to Extension
- Terms According to Definition
- Terms According to Comprehension
- Terms According to Meaning
- Terms According to Quality
- Terms According to the Manner of Meaning
- Terms According to Relation
- Singular ideas or terms
- Particular ideas or terms
- Universal ideas or terms
Terms According to Extension
- Proper noun - Apolinario Mabini, Manila
- Nouns modified by adjective in the superlative degree. - first place, most charming lady, worst enemy
- Demonstrative - this book, those students
- The article “The” - the lady in red, the woman whom I love
- Personal Pronouns (I, you, he, she, they, we, etc.) - they are the inspirers of people, your love is like a sunshine
Singular Ideas or terms.
It represents and it can be applied to one single object or subject only
The articles a or an cannot be considered singular in logic, rather, they are considered as signs of ___________.
particularity
- Indefinite pronouns or adjectives - some, many, most, several, few
- use of numbers - nine planets, seven dwarfs, twelve apostles
- Articles “a” or “an” - an employee, a logic student
- General propositions - propositions which are true most of the time but not at all times - Filipinos are hospitable., Women are gossipers.
Particular ideas or terms
It represents a part or a portion of all the members of a class.
- Universal expressions - Expressions that denote universal idea.
all, every, each, whichever, whatever, etc.
no one, none, etc. (universal negative expressions) - Universal Idea - Ideas that express universality.
man is a rational animal. ; Triangles are not squares. - Articles “a”, “an”, or “the”, if the idea is universal.
The snake is a very dangerous creature (All snakes are actually dangerous.)
A thing of beauty is a giver of joy. (Every beautiful thing definitely gives joy.)
Universal ideas or terms - idea or term that represents all and every member of a class that possesses common essential attributes.
2 Kinds of Term According to Definition
First Intention
Second Intention
Terms According to Definition
This is a concept by which we understand what a thing is according to what it is in reality, whether we think of the term or not.
Example:
Man is being composed of body and soul.
An angel is a spirit.
First Intention
This is a concept by which we understand not only what a thing is in reality but also how it is in the mind. This pertains to how the mind is thinking of the term in a particular situation, independent of its quiddity or essence.
Example:
That man is handsome.
Love is the topic of the lecture given by Dr. Manny Dy.
Second Intention
2 Types of Terms According to Comprehension
Concrete Idea
Abstract Idea
KIND OF TERM
• Terms According to Comprehension
It is an idea that expresses a nature
or attribute directly and immediately inherent in a subject usually outside the mind of the knower.
Examples:
student, human being, loyalists, president, beautiful, long, beloved, and all adjectives
Concrete idea
KIND OF TERMS
• Terms According to Comprehension
It is an idea that can indirectly be
referred to its individual subject. This is a term that expresses a nature or determining attribute that is considered by the mind as separate from the subject in which it inheres.
Examples:
beauty, humanity, parenthood, presidency, length, yellowness
Abstract idea
2 Types of Terms According to Meaning
Absolute Terms
Connotative Terms
These are the terms that signify a concept of the meaning of a complete substance endowed with its independent reality.
Examples:
Man is a rational animal.
Filipinos are asians.
A triangle is a three sided figure.
absolute terms
These are terms that signify a concept as an accident existing in a substance. They present a form without a subject. In this sense, all modifiers are called connotative concepts.
Examples:
The physician is handsome.
That computer is sold at a very low price.
Connotative Terms
2 Types of Terms According to Quality
Positive
Negative
Type of Term According to Quality
This signifies the existence or possession of something.
Examples: alive, healthy, happy, rational, etc.
Positive
type of Term According to Quality
This signifies the non existence or non possession of something
Examples: *dead, sick, sad, irrational, etc.”
Negative
3 Kinds of Terms According to the Manner of Meaning
Univocal Idea or Term
Analogous Idea or Term
Equivocal Idea or term
Type of Term According to the Manner of Meaning
This is otherwise known as homologous idea or term. It is a term that has one and the same identical meaning as applied to various individuals belonging to a class.
Examples:
Man as applied to a Filipino and European.
Tree as applied to a coconut tree or acacia tree.
Animal as applied to a dog or carabao.
Univocal idea or term
Type of Term According to the Manner of Meaning
This expresses kindred or relative meanings as applied to different individual subjects. Kindred or relative meanings are those terms that contain partly the same and partly different meanings when applied to various individuals belonging to a class.
Analogous Idea or term
•Terms According to the Manner of Meaning
2 Types of Analogous Idea or term
Analogy by Proportion
Analogy by Proportionality
•Terms According to the Manner of Meaning
~Analogous Idea or term
Is is the analogy that is based on the relationship of a secondary analogue to a primary analogue. The analogous meaning, as applied to various objects, is taken in relation and in reference to a primary and principal meaning of an object. Metaphorical words are classified under this kind.
Example:
Health as applied to a living organism and to factors that may contribute to the health of an organism.
Foot as part of an animal and as base of a mountain.
Analogy by proportion
•Terms According to the Manner of Meaning
~Analogous Idea or term
It is based on “similarity of relationships”. There is no secondary meaning in this kind of analogy.
Example:
Good as applied to a ballpen and to a lover.
Being as applied to a man and to animals.
Analogy by proportionality
•Terms According to the Manner of Meaning
This is a term That expresses different meanings although they may appear to be one and the same.
Equivocal Idea or Term
•Terms According to the Manner of Meaning
Terms that are having the same spelling and pronunciation but have different meaning.
Examples:
Pen as ballpen or pigpen.
Ball as basketball or ballroom.
Bark as denoting part of tree and sound of a dog.
Terms that are having the same spelling but different to pronunciation and meaning.
Examples:
Bow as referring to a gesture and as a weapon.
Aso as denoting a dog and a smoke.
Tubo as denoting a tube, profit, or sugarcane.
Terms that are having the same pronunciation but different in spelling and meaning.
Example:
suite and sweet
what’s and watts
cut and cat
but, butt, and bat
sun and son
which and witch
3 Forms of Equivocal Idea or Term
KINDS OF TERMS
4 Kinds of Terms According to Relation
Contradictory idea or term (CD)
Contrary Idea or term (CT)
Correlative idea or term (CR)
Primitive idea or term (P)
KIND OF TERMS
•Terms According to Relation
These are ideas or terms that express opposition lies on the fact that one expresses the presence of a nature or an attribute, while the other expresses the total absence of such nature or attribute. There is absolute and total opposition between such ideas similar to what is positive and negative, without any possible intermediate or neutral idea.
Example:
living and non living, alive and dead, organic and inorganic, finite and infinite, limited and unlimited
Contradictory idea or term (CD)
KIND OF TERMS
•Terms According to Relation
These are ideas that also express opposition between or within extreme points among objects of a series belonging to a certain class. The opposition is not complete because there is the presence of an intermediary or neutral idea.
Example:
hot and cold, white and black, high and low, small and large, beautiful and ugly, moron and genius
Contrary idea or term (CT)
KIND OF TERMS
•Terms According to Relation
These are ideas or terms whose meanings are mutually related to each other in such a way that the meaning of one is in reference to the other and vice versa. These are the terms that are always in reference to the other in such a way that one cannot exist without the other.
Example:
cause and effect, parent and child, teacher and student, creator and creature, master and servant
Correlative idea or term (CR)
KIND OF TERMS
•Terms According to Relation
These are ideas or terms wherein one expresses the presence of an attribute while the other idea or term expresses its absence. Such absence is not a simple negative of a property because said attribute or property is taken as a perfection of such quality.
Example:
sight and blindness, hearing and blindness, health and sickness
Primitive idea or term (P)
