Logic of Proposition Flashcards
The mental comparison of concepts. It is the act of the mind which affirms or denies one concept with another concept. It is the act of the mind which propositions or statements are determined as true or false.
Judgment
2 Kinds of judgment by Immanuel Kant
Analytic judgment
Synthetic judgment
Kind of judgment by Immanuel Kant
The subject can be thought of as contained in the compression of the predicate, and the predicate is contained also in the compression of the subject. Here, the truth of the proposition can be tested only through mental analysis.
Example:
All living things grow.
Men are rational beings.
Analytic judgment
Kind of judgment by Immanuel Kant
The subject is not contained in the compression of the predicate and the predicate is as well not contained in the compression of the subject. In this kind of judgment, the connection between the subject and the predicate can be tested only from experience.
Example:
Mangoes are sweet.
The students are logicians.
Synthetic judgment
The goal of logicians
Attainment of formal truth
Logical truth
formal truth
The kind of proposition wherein the judgment (the agreement or disagreement between the subject and the predicate) is done in an absolute manner. It is a proposition that makes a direct assertion of agreement or disagreement between the subject and the predicate. It is a proposition that relates two classes/categories (subject term and the predicate term).
Categorical proposition
General form of categorical proposition
Subject—Copula—Predicate
All Filipinos are lovers of wisdom.
identify the Subject—Copula—Predicate
Subject - All Filipinos
copula - are
predicate - lovers of wisdom.
Standard form of categorical proposition
- Whole subject class is included in the predicate class
- Part of the subject class is included in the predicate class
- Whole subject class is excluded from the predicate class
- Part of the subject class is excluded from the predicate class.
All S are P.
No S are P.
Some S are P.
Not all S are P.
They specify how much of the subject class is included in or excluded from the predicate class.
Example: all, no, some, not all
Quantifiers
Quantity or extension of the proposition
the quantity of the proposition is equivalent to the
quantity of its subject
Quantity or extension of the proposition
P1 Some philosophers are atheists.
P2 Love is not selfish.
P3 Aristotle is the father of logic.
identify if the subject is singular, particular or universal.
P1 Particular
P2 universal
P3 Singular
2 Qualities of the categorical proposition
affirmative
negative
Quality of the categorical proposition
it connotes that all, or some of the members indicated by the subject are contained in the class indicated by the predicate.
Example:
Virtue is health and well being of the soul.
affirmative
Quality of the categorical proposition
it connotes that all, or some of the members indicated by the subject are not contained in the class indicated by the predicate.
Example:
Some bananas are not sweet.
Negative
Quantity of the predicate
Identify if the predicate is singular, particular, or universal.
The 13th president of the Philippines is Joseph Estrada.
Singular.
Singular predicate rule: the predicate indicates any signs of singularity.
the predicate Joseph Estrada is a proper noun. A proper noun is included in the list of signs of singularity.
Quantity of the predicate
Identify if the predicate is singular, particular, or universal.
A truly happy life is a life of goodness.
Particular.
particular predicate rule: the predicate of a categorical proposition is not singular, and the copula is affirmative.
An article “a” can never be a sign of singularity. The copula “is” is affirmative.
Quantity of the predicate
Identify if the predicate is singular, particular, or universal.
Most politicians are not moral persons.
Universal.
universal predicate rule: The predicate is not singular and the copula is negative.
4 Kinds of Categorical proposition
A proposition
E proposition
I proposition
O proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
proposition that have universal or singular subject and affirmative copula
A proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
All saints are holy people.
proposition that have universal or singular subject and affirmative copula
A proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
Every philosopher is a lover of wisdom
proposition that have universal or singular subject and affirmative copula
A proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
An orangutan is an ape.
proposition that have universal or singular subject and affirmative copula
A proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
All that is included in the list are students who passed the exam.
proposition that have universal or singular subject and affirmative copula
A proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
Apolinario Mabini is a Filipino philosopher.
proposition that have universal or singular subject and affirmative copula
A proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
Everyone who has not yet taken the exam is sick.
proposition that have universal or singular subject and affirmative copula
A proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
Man is a two legged animal.
proposition that have universal or singular subject and affirmative copula
A proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
proposition that have universal or singular subject and negative copula
E proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
No sinner are saints.
proposition that have universal or singular subject and negative copula
E proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
A green mango is not sweet.
proposition that have universal or singular subject and negative copula
E proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
Neither diamonds nor gold is expensive.
proposition that have universal or singular subject and negative copula
E proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
None of the invited guests are present.
proposition that have universal or singular subject and negative copula
E proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
St. John, the archangel, is not a martyr.
proposition that have universal or singular subject and negative copula
E proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
I’m not a lawyer.
proposition that have universal or singular subject and negative copula
E proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
Insulators are not conductors of electricity.
proposition that have universal or singular subject and negative copula
E proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
proposition that have particular subject and affirmative copula
I proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
Some philosophers are atheists.
proposition that have particular subject and affirmative copula
I proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
Filipinos are nature lovers.
proposition that have particular subject and affirmative copula
I proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
Almost all people are god fearers.
proposition that have particular subject and affirmative copula
I proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
Most wide readers are intelligent.
proposition that have particular subject and affirmative copula
I proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
Several soldiers are loyal to the constitution.
proposition that have particular subject and affirmative copula
I proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
Many Filipinos are hopeful for the government’s program.
proposition that have particular subject and affirmative copula
I proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
A few misers are happy and contented with their life.
proposition that have particular subject and affirmative copula
I proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
proposition that have particular subject and negative copula
O proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
Not all senators are honest politicians.
proposition that have particular subject and negative copula
O proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
Not everyone who calls to me “Lord, Lord” are persons to be saved.
O proposition
proposition that have particular subject and negative copula
Kind of Categorical proposition
Some Filipinos are not patriotic.
proposition that have particular subject and negative copula
O proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
Most rebels are not freedom fighters.
proposition that have particular subject and negative copula
O proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
Many telephone operators are not cordial.
proposition that have particular subject and negative copula
O proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
A few teachers are not up to date.
proposition that have particular subject and negative copula
O proposition
Kind of Categorical proposition
Some wealthy people are not happy persons.
proposition that have particular subject and negative copula
O proposition
