Supporting Studies Flashcards
What does Bartlett’s reconstructive memory theory support?
It supports factors affecting eye-witness testimony. Eye-witnesses encode and store their memory of the crime influenced by their schemas.
What do Loftus & Palmer’s findings support?
They support the impact of leading questions/post-event information on the reliability of eye-witness testimony.
What does the Yerkes-Dodson Law state?
An increase in arousal improves performance only up to a point; after the optimum point, performance tends to decline.
What did Valentine & Mesout find regarding anxiety and recall?
They found that participants with lower levels of anxiety could recall the ‘scary person’ better.
What does Loftus’s research support?
It supports the weapon focus theory, indicating that witnesses focus on the weapon due to anxiety and ignore other critical factors.
What did Pickel find regarding weapon focus?
He found that weapon focus occurs because the presence of a weapon is unusual, which captures our attention.
What does Wagstaff’s research challenge?
It challenges the weapon focus theory, finding no evidence of weapon effect on the accuracy of eye-witness testimony.
What does the case study of OJ Simpson support?
It supports pre-trial publicity as a factor affecting jury decision making, revealing jurors held implicit bias.
What did Castellow find regarding attractiveness and jury decisions?
He found that guilty verdicts were highest when the defendant was unattractive or the victim was attractive.
What did Sigall & Osgrove find about attractive defendants?
They found that attractive defendants received lighter sentences for crimes like burglary and fraud.
What did Abwender & Hough discover about gender and attractiveness in jury decisions?
They found that females were more lenient towards attractive women, while men were the opposite.
What did Stalhly & Walker find regarding race and jury empathy?
They found that jurors have empathy towards defendants they perceive as similar to themselves.
What did Bradbury & Williams find about black defendants?
They found that black defendants were less likely to be convicted by black jurors.
What did Mahoney & Dixon find regarding accents and jury perception?
They found that a Birmingham accent was perceived as guilty more than a non-Birmingham accent.
What did Seggie find regarding Australian accents?
He found that an Australian accent was perceived as guilty significantly more than a non-Australian accent.
What did Guy & Edens find about gender and psychopathy in jury decisions?
They found that male defendants labeled as ‘psychopaths’ were more likely to be found guilty than females labeled as ‘psychopaths.’
What does the case study of Phineas Gage support?
It supports the link between brain injury and crime, showing increased aggression post-injury.
What did Williams find regarding brain injuries?
He found that brain injuries affect the development of impulses.
What did Grafman find about war veterans and aggression?
He found that war veterans with brain damage were more likely to exhibit aggressive behavior.
What does the case study of Charles Whitman support?
It supports the link between the amygdala and crime, revealing a tumor on his amygdala that influenced his behavior.
What did Raine find regarding the limbic system?
He found that abnormalities in the limbic system could result in criminals being unable to modify their behavior.
What does Jacobs’s research support?
It supports the link between genetics and crime, showing that XYY men are more aggressive.
What does Theilgaard challenge?
It challenges the link between genetics and crime, finding no conclusive evidence of a criminal gene.
What does Eyesnk’s research support?
It supports the link between personality and crime, linking psychoticism and extraversion with criminal behavior.
What does Bandura’s research support?
It supports the link between social learning theory and crime, showing children imitate role models’ behavior.
What does Besemer’s research support?
It supports the link between the labeling theory and crime, indicating children with convicted parents are at higher risk of conviction.
What does Lieberman’s research support?
It supports the link between the labeling theory and crime, showing juveniles previously arrested are more likely to reoffend.
What does Becker’s research support?
It supports the link between the labeling theory and crime, indicating social control agencies can label individuals as deviant.
What does Merton’s research support?
It supports the link between the self-fulfilling prophecy and crime, showing self-image is influenced by societal responses.
What does Madon’s research support?
It supports the link between the self-fulfilling prophecy and crime, indicating negative parental expectations can lead to fulfilling those expectations.
What does Bartlett’s research support regarding cognitive interviewing?
It supports the effectiveness of cognitive interviewing for crime, emphasizing the importance of inhibiting schemas.
What did Geilsman find about cognitive interviewing?
He found that a guided approach to interviewing encourages participants to remember the crime.
What does Ireland’s research support?
It supports the effectiveness of anger management for crime, showing significant reduction in angry behaviors.
What does Blackburn’s research challenge?
It challenges the effectiveness of anger management for crime, indicating short-term control may not impact long-term reoffending.
What does Maletzky’s research support?
It supports the effectiveness of drug treatment for crime, showing fewer new offences among offenders who received MPA.
What does Spitzer & Williams’s research challenge?
It challenges the reliability of diagnosis, finding psychiatrists only agree on diagnosis 50% of the time.
What does Ward’s research challenge?
It challenges the reliability of diagnosis, finding disagreement due to inadequacy of classification systems.
What does Pederson’s research support?
It supports the reliability of diagnosis, showing 71% of psychiatrists agreed with the ICD-10 definition of depression.
What does Littlewood’s research challenge?
It challenges the reliability of diagnosis, indicating DSM assumptions can’t be applied cross-culturally.
What does Rosenhan’s research challenge?
It challenges the reliability of diagnosis, showing staff couldn’t detect insanity in patients.
What does Carlsson’s research support?
It supports neurotransmitters as an explanation for schizophrenia, indicating sensitivity to excess dopamine.
What does Gottesman & Shields’s research support?
It supports genetics as an explanation for schizophrenia, showing a genetic component through twin studies.
What does Popovich’s research support?
It supports social causation as an explanation for schizophrenia, indicating childhood trauma increases likelihood of developing schizophrenia.
What does Faris’s research support?
It supports social causation as an explanation for schizophrenia, indicating cultural isolation may lead to symptoms.
What does Meltzer’s research support?
It supports drug treatment for schizophrenia, showing effectiveness in reducing symptoms.
What does Bradshaw’s research support?
It supports CBT for schizophrenia, indicating effectiveness in treatment.
What does Salloway & Duffy’s research support?
It supports brain structure as an explanation for OCD, showing increased activity in the PFC.
What does Sher’s research support?
It supports cognition as an explanation for OCD, indicating poor memories for actions in individuals with OCD.
What does POTS’s research support?
It supports drug treatment for OCD, indicating a combination of CBT and drug treatment is most effective.
What does Sensky’s research support?
It supports CBT for OCD, showing improvement in the reduction of positive symptoms.
