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BI1002: Structure and Function > Support and Movement > Flashcards

Support and Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Why are hollow tubes used as part of support systems?

A

Hollow tubes are stronger than solid tubes of equal mass.

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2
Q

How is support provided for plants?

A

Support is provided at a cellular, tissue and gross level.

They probably have their own equivalent of like the Samaritans as well.

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3
Q

What is turgor pressure? Whats is its benefit to the plant?

A

Turgor pressure is the cell vacuole applying pressure to the cell wall, which means the plant stays upright so can photosynthesise more efficiently.

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4
Q

What is the basic stem morphology of a plant? There’s 4 main sections.

A

Pith.
Vascular bundles.
Cortex.
Epidermis.

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5
Q

What cells make up pith?

A

Parenchyma cells.

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6
Q

Whats the function of parenchyma cells, in a plant?

A

They possess thin cell walls which allows the cells to expand in response to increased fluid storage in the vacuole.

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7
Q

Whats the function of pith?

A

To store essential nutrients.

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8
Q

What cells make up cortex?

A

Collenchyma cells and some parenchyma cells.

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9
Q

How does the structure of collenchyma cells relate to their function?

A

They have thicker cell walls as they are used less for storage and more to allow the plant to flex and move in the wind without breaking.

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10
Q

What is the function of the vascular bundles?

A

These contain xylem and phloem and are thickened with lignin. Sclerenchyma surrounds the bundles to ensure the plant returns to its original shape after deformation.

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11
Q

What is the function of the primary root?

A

To provide anchorage and stability.

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12
Q

How many primary roots are found in a plant?

A

Usually just one.

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13
Q

What is the function of the lateral roots?

A

To absorb water and dissolved minerals.

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of animal skeleton?

A

Endoskeleton.
Exoskeleton.
Hydrostatic skeleton.

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15
Q

What is the basic structure of a hydrostatic skeleton?

A

A capsule of fluid surrounded by 2 muscle layers running perpendicular to each other.

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16
Q

What are the 4 main components of a hydrostatic skeleton which allows the animal to move?

A

Fluid filled cavity.
Circular muscles.
Longitudinal muscles.
Surface bristles.

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17
Q

How do circular and longitudinal muscles allow an animal with a hydrostatic skeleton to move?

A

Circular muscles elongate and narrow the body; longitudinal muscles shorten and thicken the body.

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18
Q

What is the function of the fluid filled cavity in hydrostatic skeletons?

A

It acts as a rigid column on which muscles can act.

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19
Q

What is the function of the surface bristles in animals with a hydrostatic skeleton?

A

They prevent backward sliding.

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20
Q

What is the function of an exoskeleton?

A

To provide strength and mobility.

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21
Q

What polysaccharide makes up most exoskeletons? What are it’s properties?

A

Chitin because it is both light and strong, especially when mineralised.

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22
Q

What are the limitations of an exoskeleton?

A

Size limiting.

Organism has to go through ecedysis (moult) as the exoskeleton doesn’t grow in line with the body.

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23
Q

What are the two types of endoskeleton?

A

Cartilaginous and bony.

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24
Q

Why does cartilage have to be thin?

A

Because it is avascular.

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25
Q

What are the benefits of a cartilaginous skeleton?

A

It is efficient to produce, light and more flexible than bone.

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26
Q

How are bony skeletons produced?

A

They develop from a cartilaginous skeleton as an embryo.

27
Q

What are the benefits of a bony skeleton?

A

Greater strength to provide rigid support against gravity and can act as levers.

28
Q

What is a key benefit of a bony endoskeleton? Think about whether it is a constant structure.

A

The skeleton is dynamic as it can respond to physiological activity. Bones if used in a certain way will change to better suit that purpose.

29
Q

What are the 5 classes of bone?

A 
Long bones.
Short bones.
Flat bones.
Sesamoid bones.
Irregular bones.
30
Q

What is the function of long bones?

A

To act as levers.

31
Q

What is the function of short bones?

A

To provide strength.

32
Q

What is the function of flat bones?

A

To provide a surface for muscle attachment.

33
Q

What is the function of sesamoid bones?

A

To develop within a tendon and increase insertional angle eg in the knee joint.

34
Q

What are the 2 structures of bone?

A

Spongy and compact bone.

35
Q

What is the name given to the holes in spongy bone? How are they arranged?

A

Trabeculae are aligned along lines of principle stress - Wolff’s Law.

36
Q

What are the 3 cell types that make up bone?

A

Osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes.

37
Q

What are osteoblasts and what is their function?

A

Immature bone cells found on bone surfaces. They secrete organic bone matrix to form new bone.

38
Q

What are osteoclasts and what is their function?

A

Bone cells found in the endosteum which secrete acids and enzymes to remove old bone.

39
Q

What are osteocytes and what is their function?

A

These are mature bone cells and possess a sense loading ability. This means the bone will strengthen if put under increased stress.

40
Q

What is osteopetrosis?

A

When osteocytes think the skeleton is lighter than it is, resulting in an unnecessary increase in bone mass.

41
Q

What makes up bone matrix?

A

67% hydroxyapatite

33% collagen + other proteins

42
Q

By what age are all your bones fused?

A

Around 30.

43
Q

What are sutures?

A

Fused joints resulting in bones joining together.

44
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum.

45
Q

What are the 4 types of vertebrae that make up the vertebral column?

A

7 cervical.
12 thoracic.
5 lumbar.
1 coccyx.

46
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there? How many are floating/false ribs?

A

12 rib pairs. 7 true pairs, 5 false pairs.

47
Q

What are the 3 classes of joint?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial.

48
Q

What are the characteristics of fibrous joints?

A

Most immobile joint type. Dense fibrous connective tissue.

49
Q

What are the characteristics of cartilaginous joints?

A

Two types, one with hyaline cartilage and one with fibrocartilage. Hyaline = less flexible. 1° cartilaginous = less flexible.

50
Q

What are the characteristics of synovial joints?

A

Freely mobile. Bone ends covered in articular cartilage. Joint cavity containing synovial fluid. Enclosed in an elastic joint capsule.

51
Q

What are the 3 muscle types?

A

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth.

52
Q

Muscles have ends. What are the terms given to these ends and how are they chosen?

A

The origin = the stationary end.

The insertion = the more mobile end.

53
Q

What is a biarticular muscle?

A

A muscle that crosses more than one joint such as the hamstrings.

54
Q

What are the characteristics of muscles in a parallel arrangement?

A

Weak but a large range of movement.

55
Q

What are the characteristics of muscles in an unipennate arrangement?

A

Stronger than parallel but a shorter range of movement.

56
Q

What are the characteristics of muscles in a bipennate arrangement?

A

Strong but a short range of movement.

57
Q

What are the characteristics of muscles in a multipennate arrangement?

A

Strongest muscle arrangement but shortest range of movement.

58
Q

What do tendons link?

A

Muscles to bones.

59
Q

What is isotonic muscle contraction?

A

Muscle tension remains constant, the muscle’s length changes.

60
Q

What is isometric muscle contraction?

A

The muscle contracts but doesn’t change length.

61
Q

What is concentric muscle contraction?

A

Muscle tension increases as the muscle shortens.

62
Q

What is eccentric muscle contraction?

A

Muscle tension increases as the muscle lengthens.

63
Q

Which muscle generates the basic movement?

A

The agonist.

64
Q

Which muscle controls the movement?

A

The antagonist.

BI1002: Structure and Function (8 decks)

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