Supplements Flashcards
What are supplements?
Concentrated sources of nutrients or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect, whose purpose is to supplement the normal diet
Why are supplements used?
Correct nutritional deficiencies
Maintain an adequate intake of certain nutrients
What is the effect of excessive supplement intake?
Harmful
Cause unwanted side effects
What are the reasons cited for using dietary supplements? (Depiesse)
71% - aid in recovery from training 65% - convenience 52% - to improve health 48% - to improve performance 40% - to prevent or treat an illness 29% - to compensate for a poor diet
What is the prevalence of dietary supplemental data dependent upon?
Definition of ‘supplement’
Regular/routine use vs. occasional use
Current use vs. habitual use
Some may be reluctant to admit the extent of use
Some may exaggerate the extent of use to impress
Some are notoriously forgetful
Some do not want to reveal new products
Amount and frequency of supplements used are often not quantified
Ron Maughan’s rules of dietary supplements?
If it works, it’s probably banned
If it’s not banned, it probably doesn’t work
There may be some exceptions
Supplements - The AID Approach: Groups A - supported for use in specific situations
Sports drinks/gels Caffeine Bicarbonate Multivitamin/mineral Electrolyte replacement Whey protein Creatine Iron Calcium Vitamin D
Supplements - The AID Approach: Groups B - deserving of further research
B-alanine Carnitine B-hydroxy-B-methylbutyrate Quercetin Beetroot juice Colostrum Fish oils Probiotics
Supplements - The AID Approach: Groups C - no meaningful proof of beneficial effects
Ribose Pyruvate Chromium picolinate Medium-chain triglycerides Coenzyme Q10 Glucosamine Oxygenated water ZMA
Supplements - The AID Approach: Groups D - banned or at high risk of contamination
Glycerol Methylhexanamine 190-norandrostenione/ol Other-pro-hormones Ginseng and other herbals Sibutramine Ephedrine DHEA
Greenhaff’s rules of dietary supplements?
Does the nutritional supplementation result in the substrate reaching its target tissue?
Does the nutritional supplementation result in a meaningful increase in the tissue concentration of the substance?
Does this result in a measurable and reproducible effect on physiological function during exercise?
Does this have a measurable and reproducible effect on performance, fatigue development or training adaptation?
What is nandrolone?
An anabolic/androgenic steroid
Increases strength, power, muscle bulk and/or enhances recovery
Many banned athletes have tested positive for nandrolone and have blamed it on contaminated supplements
What is the extend of supplement contamination? (Geyer et al. 2015)
15% of dietary supplements contained prohormones not declared on the label
WADA code - strict liability?
Many athletes claim to be innocent but under the code, athletes are strictly liable for the substance found in their sample
A violation occurs whether or not the athlete knowingly or unknowingly used a positive substance or was negligent or otherwise at fault
What are the implications of contamination?
A 0.00005% level of contamination caused some individuals to test positive for nandrolone
Positive tests only occur in the window soon after ingestion
Highlights the importance of specialised supplement testing that can detect impurities
Why are supplements contaminated?
Ineffective cleaning of production equipment
A substance added on purpose to improve the perception of the product
What is sibutramine?
Used for treating obesity by suppressing hunger
Some products do not declare sibutramine on the label
Withdrawn in the US due to increased risk of heart attack and stroke
Prescribed does = 10mg/day
What’s the solution for contaminated supplements?
Informed sport
Batch testing
Can you trust quality assume programs?
Informed sport test substances to a limit of detection
- 10ng/g of steroids
- 100ng/g of stimulants
What is the evidence for blaming meat for positive doping cases?
During the 2010 TdF Contador produced a sample found to contain traces of B-agonist clenbuterol
He claimed this occurred from eating contaminated meat
However, only 1 animal sample was positive for clenbuterol out of 83203
WADA code - stance?
‘specific substances’ are compounds that are more susceptible to a credible non-doping explanation
If an athlete can prove that they did not intend to enhance performance by using them, the sanction can be reduced
What is the mechanisms of action of caffeine?
Adenosine antagonist, block adenosine receptors that cause fatigue
What is the evidence for caffeine ingestion on mice?
Good on animal mammals in A2A knockout mice reduces RPE and fatigue and potentially increases fat metabolisms
What is the effect of caffeine on performance?
Improvements in the time trial, time to exhaustion, endurance, cognitive function, focus and mental tasks