Supplements Flashcards
What are supplements
- supplements classed in legislation
= complementary compound feedstuff - compound feed = mix of at least 2 feed materials for feeding to animals in oral form as either a complete feed or a complementary feed
- Complementary feed = compound feed which has a high content of certain substances but is required to be fed with other feedstuffs to make a complete ration
legal requirements of supplements - specific regulations
- Regulation 767/2009 on placing on the market and use of feed
- Regulation 1831/2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition
~ additives= amino acids, flavour, pre/probiolitcs
~ if not registered cant use - Directive 2002/32/EC on undesirable substances in animal feed
~ toxins, metals, slamonella - Regulation 2017/1017 provides a catalogue of feed materials
- Directive 2008/38/EC on intended uses of animal feedingstuffs for particular nutritional purposes
legal products of supplements - definicion of medicinal products
- must abide to regs governing medical products
- if it has an effect on animal = needs
- presentation implies that they are medicinal (tablets, syringes)
= any substance/combination of substances that may be used in, or administered to, animals with a view either to restoring, correcting or modifying physiological functions by exerting a pharmacological, immunological or metabolic action, or to making a medical diagnosis
examples words manufacturers not legally use
Cause Inflammation Disease (mention) Injuries Support / Boost Treat
NOPS
- what is it
- what certified companies do
- how do nops occur
= naturally occuring prohibited substances
= voluntary scheme ran by the British Equestrian Trade Association
- if company NOPS certified = must put processes in place to reduce occurance of NOPS in feeds/sup
- NOPS are compounds that shown to have physiological effect on horse
~ result in positive drugs test
- either naturally present within ingreedinets or occur result of inadvertant cross contamination
NOPS
- main NOPS and sources
- Caffeine – cacao, coffee, tea
- Theobromine – cacao
- Theophylline – tea
- Morphine – opium poppy (risk buy herbs abroad), Papaver somniferum
- Hyoscine – nightshade, Datura
- Atropine – nightshade, - Atropa belladonna
- Cannabinoids - Hemp fibre and plant material
What purposes are supplements produced
- Support joints (biggest seller)
- Calm excitable behaviour
- Supply vitamins and minerals
- Promote healthy skin and coat
- Support hoof growth
- Promote digestive health
BUT not alturnative for good feeding practices, need to feed balanced diet for individual needs
How are supplements fed and why increased usage
- changes in feeding practices = increased use
- fed small quantities = concentrated formulation
~ high concentration - need to understand supp func so fed correctly/safely
~ feeding vit/min supp full amount conc feed = excess
~ unbalance diet
Why increased use of supplements
- Horses require less feed than previous due to undertaking less exercise = become overweight so need to feed less concentrates but still provide essential nutrients
- cheaper
- Balances diet
- Increased availability
- Increased product ranges and investments by companies
- Targeted support
sourcing ingredients
- vast ingredients
- ingredients can be restricted
- need to have full traceability
- supplements for specific purposes should contain certain ingreedients
~ Research findings indicate they are effective
~ Traditional use has indicated they are effective
~ Anecdotal evidence indicates they are effective - lack of research = expensive and ethical concerns
supplements for joint support
- most popular
- reflects freq that equids are affected by osteoarthritis
~ most common cause of lameness in equids - strain on joints for performance activities (jumping = greatest)
suplements for joint support - why lack research
- lab research using tissue/cell samples indicate some ingredients effective reducing joint degredation
- limited studies using live equids
- if include antinflamtorys = benefit = reduce pain and swelling
- diff to measure lameness = influenced by many factors
~ stride lengths, joint and flexion now better measurements
joint supp - glucosamine
- essential to skin, tendons, ligaments and articular cartilage
- 2 forms
~ glucosamine hydrochloride (most use)
~ glucosamine sulphate - which form more effective still uncertain = more research needed
~ sulphate has slightly higher absorption rate (both low 2.5-6% oraly) - shown to work best when administered with chondroitin sulphate = protect articular cartilage
- recomended 10g for 500kg horse = 0.02g/kg BW
joint supp - chondroitin
- A component of articular cartilage usually supplemented as Chondroitin sulphate
~ Thought to inhibit cartilage breakdown although further research needed - Absorption of oral Chondroitin sulphate is higher than Glucosamine
~ Approximately 30-35% - Sources of Chondroitin are bovine/porcine/avian cartilage and shark fin
~ Shark fin is commonly used in equine supplements after BSE outbreak - Recommended amount unclear
~ Most supplements contain 2mg/kg BW/day
~ 500kg = 1000mg or 1g per day
joint supp - MSM
= methyl sulphonyl methane
- 2 roles
~ sulphur = provide strength to articular cartilage
~ acts as antioxidant = protects against cell damage
- few studies into msm and effectiveness
- most joint supp contain msm
- reccomende amount = 20mg/kg BW/day
joint supp - Hyaluronic acid
- HA important component in joint fluid and articular cartilage = elasticity of joint
- help reduce inflamation (swelling and pain)
- can be injetced into joint capsule but risk infection
- oral supp shown to be absorbed but amount reaching joint unknown
- rec amount = 0.15mg/kg BW/day
function of joint supplements
func ingredients = support tissue within joint, reduce swelling and pain
~ herbal ingredients shown to have effective anti-inflam properties (e.g. boswellia, devils claw (nops))
- some studies looking at these ingreedients only effect of supp over short time periods
~ humans = glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate accumulate in joint tissue over period of weeks
- recommendations are to feed joint supp on daily basis
- likely take weeks before improvements in movement and joint
- no evidence cartilage regenerates in adult horses
supp for behavioural issues about
- designed to reduce excitable behaviour and anxiety
- increasing number on market
- reflect challenges owner face providing adequate excercise or turn out
- calming supp not replacement for correct training
supp behaviour - magnesium
- Magnesium needed for metabolism of carbohydrates and normal nerve and muscle function
- Particularly muscle relaxation
- Magnesium is lost in sweat and urine and deficiency causes nervousness and muscle tremors
- Used in calming supplements
- Calmers are designed to be fed everyday or as one off additions to the diet
- oxide and carbonate used in calmers
- mag aspartate used in instant syringe calmers
~ most rapidly absorbed form of mag
~ acts quicker but for shorter time - rec amount = 20-23mg/kg BW/day
- most calmers provide 6-7g mag per day
supp behaviour - tryptophan
- essential amino acid
- must be provided in diet
- used to form serotonin = neurotransmitter that helps feelings of calmness
- can be synthetic form as actual tryptophan or natural form in brewers yeast
- no recomendations for daily feeding rate of tryptophan
- some effects seen but need fed multiple days
- no resurch conclusively shown effect on behaviour
supp behaviour - b vits/yeast
- b vits needed for norm metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins = production of energy
- needed for norm muscle and nerve func
- equids produce own supply b vits during fermentation of forages in hind gut
~ nervous/excitable behaviour can upset digestion = reuce production b vits
~ feeding dietary supply can help support b vit func - brewers yeast = natural source b vits and amino acids
~ also synthetic form for guaranteed amounts
~ no rec leves except thiamine B1 and Riboflavin B2 - calming supp take weeks for effect to be seen due to time it can take for changes in behavior
~ fear/ecitement remain for some time due to learnt behaviour
prebiotics
= nutrients that not directly used by equids
- provide food for bacteria in hindgut
- often in form of oligosacharides
~ FOS (fructo-oligosacharides)
~ MOS (mannan-oligosacharides)
* e.g. bio-moss = selectively binds to pathogeneic bac, stops bac bind to intestinal wall and so excreted = reduce no. pathogens in tract
* derived from outer cell wall of S.cerevisiae = beta-glucans known elements able to activate immune sys of animals
- feed good bac and bind to disease causing bac e.g. e.coli and salmonella = maintain gut health
- discussion about continued and periodic feeding
- rec amount = 10g/day per adult horse
Probiotics
= living microorganisms that positiveley affect the GIT enviro
- live strains of bac or yeast
~ many supp use Yea-sacc
- no live bac approved for use in uk (only yeast)
- some discussion about periodic or continued feeding
- rec amount = 10g/day per adult horse
inclusion and feeding rate
- when comparing or evaluating supp = need to calculate feeding rate of active ingreedients to determine if effective and its economic value
