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Advances In Equine Science > Equine Reproductive Anatomy - Female > Flashcards

Equine Reproductive Anatomy - Female Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the Ovulation Fossa

A

wedge shaped area on concave side of ovary where egg ovulates and where ova leave ovary

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2
Q

What is the vestibule

A

the space in the vulva where the vagina and urethra open

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3
Q

Where are the ovaries located

A

dorsal abdomen under 3rd/4th lumbar vertebre close to abdominal wall

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4
Q

What is a bursa

A

a fluid filled sack that ovaries sit within

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5
Q

Are mares seasonal breeders? When breed

A

Yes - long day breeder (April-september uk)

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6
Q

Length of oestrus cycle and oestrus length

A

21 days

4-7 days

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7
Q

What seasonal factors impact cycles

A

Grass - good nutrition helps bring on cycle, more/quality given in winter to compensate little over summer. continue cycle to Nov
Temperature - keep warm = continue to cycle
Light - extend light exposure = prevent melatonin from increasing

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8
Q

What is the transitional period

A

between the anovulatory season and the first ovulation of the year
oestrus can last up to 28 days on first cycle back

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9
Q

Where is melatonin secreted and what is the impact on presence/absence

A

Pineal gland
Long days = reduce production
Short days = increase production
Has -ve feedback on GnRH so stops stimuting FSH/LH

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10
Q

What is the mare HHOP

A

hypothalmic-hypophyseal-ovarian-axis
affect of hypothalamus, pitutary gland and ovary
controls aging process, reproduction cycle and starting cycles

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11
Q

What are the factors of oestrus

A

Follicular phase - follicle develops in ovary until it ruptures
mare sexually receptive
ovulation
oestrogen main hormone

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12
Q

What are the factors of dioestrus

A

Formation of Corpus Luteum
mare not sexually receptive
14-15 days
not preg = regression of CL then start follicle development

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13
Q

Action and source of GnRH (female)

A

(gonadotropin releasing hormone)
Hypothalamus
Stimulates pituitary to release FSH and LH

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14
Q

Action and source of FSH (female)

A

(follicle stimmulating hormone)
Pituitary
Stimulate follicles to develop

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15
Q

Action and source of LH (female)

A

(lutenising hormone)
Pituitary
Stimulate follicle maturation and ovulation

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16
Q

Action and source of oestrogen (female)

A

developing follicles and adrenals

stimulates hypothalamus to release GnRH

17
Q

Action and source of progesterone (female)

A

Courpus luteum and pregnant uterus
Blocks GnRH release
Prepars endometrium
Inhibits uterine contractions

18
Q

Action and source of progesterone (female)

A

Courpus luteum and pregnant uterus
Blocks GnRH release
Prepares endometrium
Inhibits uterine contractions

19
Q

Action and source of prostaglandin

When secreted?

A

uterus
degenerates corpus luteum
if not pregnant - degenerates CL so progesterone is not released so more GnRH secreted
(preg = progesterone blocks release)

20
Q

What is oxytocin

A

a neuropeptide produced by posterior pituitary gland and endometrium
role - luteolysis: secreted from the endometrium, more endometrial oxytocin receptors 14-17 days after ovulation, oxytocin binds to endometrium and drives prostaglandin production

21
Q

What is Activin

A

a glycoprotein hormone produced in granulosa cells of developing follicle. In the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family
enhances FSH secretion

22
Q

What is inhibin

A

a glycoprotein hormone produced in granulosa cells of developing follicle
decrease FSH production

23
Q

What is relaxin

A

promotes endometrial angiogenesis (formation of blood vessels) through upregulating endometrial expression of vascular endothelial growth factor
concentration of relaxin increases at

24
Q

What is unusual about the medulla/cortex in equine ovaries? Where CL and follicles found

A 
medulla = superficial
cortex = centre (CL and follicles-internal with only ovulation fossa as access point)
25
Q

Consistency of CL/follicles

A 
CL = scar tissue (yellow/white)
follicle = fluid filled
26
Q

Explain the order and describe fallopian tubes

A

fimbrae cover ovulation fossa at ovarian end = infundibulum - wide and start narrow
ampulla = most common site of fertilisation
isthmus = narrow to slow ova

27
Q

Why are the uterine tubes muscular and describe. Where do uterine tubes end

A

smooth muscle layer to encourage sperm and ova movement
mucosal and cilliated

utero-tubal junction

28
Q

Describe the layers of Uterus

A 
endometrium = filled with glands
myometrium = thick layer smooth muscle
mesometrium = layer of mesentery over uterus that flows into broad ligament
29
Q

Role of broad ligament

A

connects uterus and reproductive structures to pelvic/abdominal wall (support)

30
Q

What is a cervix

A

thick walled aglandular structure composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibres
tightly closed apart from ovulation and parturition

31
Q

What is the vagina

A 
20-35cm
tubular structure 
func = get sperm close to ova as possible while maintaining sterile uterus
interior = folds and glands present in submucosa
- posterior vagina = lined by stratified squamous epithelium
- anterior vagina = lined by colomnar epithelium
32
Q

What can clitoral swab tests be used for

A

contagious equine metritis

Klebsiella pneumoniae and Psedomonas aeroginosa

33
Q

What is a vulva

A
34
Q

What is Urovagina

A

condition where urine splashes back into vagina during urination. predisposed to infections and fertility

35
Q

What is Pneumovagina and remedy

A

condition leads to faecal contamination of vagina due to conformational faults that cause air to be aspirated into reproductive tract
Caslicks operation or vulvoplasty - suturing vuval lips together from top and leave small gap at bottom to allow urine to leave during urination

36
Q

Where is the clitoris and what is important about it for equine health

A
  • below entrance to vagina
  • 3 sinuses = provide ideal environment for bacteria e.g. Taylorella equigenitalis (cause contageous equine metritis)
  • swabed before mate
37
Q

What is the perineum

A
  • includes outer vulva and adjacent skin along with anus
  • mal-conformation of area predisposes mare to pneumovagina = air sucked in and out vagina (leads to contamination with bacteria
38
Q

Fallopian tubes (about)

  • length
  • where fertilization takes palce
  • isthmus
A
  • 25-30cm
  • lie within peritoneal folds which form mesosalphinx part of broad ligament
  • fertilisation at ampulla region ~ cillia waft fertilised ova towards isthmus
  • has thicker myometrial layer, contraction of which pushes fertilised ova toward utero-tubule junction
39
Q

Ovaires

  • what convex outer surface attatched to
  • concave side
  • what is ovary contained in
A
  • mesovarian section of broad ligament = entry point for blood/nerve supply
  • concave = free of atatchment and location of oulatory fossa
  • tunica albuginea (expt ovulatory fossa)

Advances In Equine Science (22 decks)

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