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Geography Paper 2 > Superpowers Knowledge > Flashcards

Superpowers Knowledge Flashcards

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1
Q

What defines a superpower?

A

A nation able to project its power and influence anywhere in the world

A superpower is characterized as a dominant global force.

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2
Q

What are the pillars of power that a superpower depends on?

A
  • Political
  • Cultural
  • Military
  • Economy
  • Resources
  • Ideology

These pillars are essential for maintaining global influence.

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3
Q

What is political influence?

A

The ability to influence others through diplomacy

Political influence is a key component of a superpower’s strategy.

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4
Q

What role does military power play for a superpower?

A

It serves as a source of power threat and a bargaining chip

Military presence can deter adversaries and support diplomatic efforts.

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5
Q

How is culture significant to a superpower?

A

It represents a nation’s way of life, values, and ideology appealing to others

Cultural influence can enhance a nation’s soft power.

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6
Q

Define ideology in the context of a superpower.

A

A set of shared beliefs that are considered superior to others

Ideology can unify a nation and promote its values globally.

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7
Q

What types of resources are important for a superpower?

A
  • Natural resources
  • Wealth
  • People

Resources are crucial for sustaining economic growth and military strength.

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8
Q

What does the economy refer to in the context of superpowers?

A

The money required to fund infrastructure

A strong economy supports all other pillars of power.

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9
Q

What is soft power?

A

The power of persuasion, often through culture

Soft power is about attracting others rather than coercing them.

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10
Q

What is hard power?

A

Using force, such as military presence

Hard power is often seen as a more aggressive approach to influence.

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11
Q

How has the importance of hard and soft power changed over time?

A

There is a greater emphasis on using soft power now

Many nations prefer diplomatic and cultural means over military force.

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12
Q

What does Mackinder’s geo-strategic location power theory state?

A

Whoever controlled Europe and Asia would control the world

This theory highlights the significance of geographic power.

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13
Q

What is imperial power?

A

A period in history when powerful nations expanded by establishing and controlling colonies

Imperial power often involved the exploitation of resources and peoples.

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14
Q

What percentage of global land did Britain own at the height of its imperial power?

A

24%

This illustrates the extent of British influence during the imperial era.

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15
Q

What is a unipolar world?

A

A world dominated by one superpower

This term refers to a global structure where a single nation holds the majority of cultural, economic, and military influence.

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16
Q

Define a bipolar world.

A

A world with 2 superpowers having differing ideologies competing for power

This structure often leads to geopolitical tensions and conflicts as seen during the Cold War.

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17
Q

What characterizes a multipolar world?

A

Many emerging and already superpowers competing for power

This can lead to a more complex international landscape with multiple centers of power.

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18
Q

What marked the beginning of the bipolar era?

A

The decline of the British Empire leading to competition between the USSR and USA

This transition significantly reshaped global politics.

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19
Q

What type of economic system does the USA represent?

A

Capitalist, hierarchy based

This system emphasizes private ownership and market-driven economies.

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20
Q

What type of economic system was the USSR based on?

A

Communist, equality based

This system aimed to eliminate class distinctions through state ownership.

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21
Q

What was a consequence of the bipolar world?

A

Geopolitical instability and proxy wars

Such conflicts often involved third-party countries fighting on behalf of the superpowers.

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22
Q

What was the result of the fall of the USSR?

A

A unipolar world with only the USA in power

This shift allowed the USA to exert significant influence globally.

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23
Q

How did the USA maintain its hegemony after the Cold War?

A

By using soft power

Soft power includes cultural influence, diplomacy, and international aid rather than military force.

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24
Q

What mechanisms rose alongside neocolonialism?

A

Various forms of control exerted by powerful countries over weaker ones

This often involves economic and political manipulation rather than direct territorial control.

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25
Q

From which groups are future superpowers likely to emerge?

A

BRICS and G20

These groups include emerging economies that are gaining global influence.

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26
Q

What influence does Brazil have as an emerging power?

A

Strong political and cultural influence, particularly in global football

Brazil’s cultural exports contribute to its soft power.

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27
Q

What type of influence does Russia hold?

A

Strong political influence, exemplified by its permanent seat on the UN Security Council

This position allows Russia to play a significant role in global governance.

28
Q

What is notable about India’s military status?

A

India has the largest military globally

This military strength positions India as a key player in regional and global security.

29
Q

What distinguishes China’s military?

A

China possesses the world’s largest military

This capability is a critical aspect of China’s rising global influence.

30
Q

Who proposed a model suggesting stages a country must go through to gain power?

A

Rostow

His model outlines economic development stages that nations typically experience.

31
Q

What does the dependency theory suggest?

A

The world is split into core and periphery countries

This theory critiques global capitalism and highlights economic inequalities.

32
Q

What is a unipolar world?

A

A world dominated by one superpower

This term refers to a global structure where a single nation holds the majority of cultural, economic, and military influence.

33
Q

Define a bipolar world.

A

A world with 2 superpowers having differing ideologies competing for power

This structure often leads to geopolitical tensions and conflicts as seen during the Cold War.

34
Q

What characterizes a multipolar world?

A

Many emerging and already superpowers competing for power

This can lead to a more complex international landscape with multiple centers of power.

35
Q

What marked the beginning of the bipolar era?

A

The decline of the British Empire leading to competition between the USSR and USA

This transition significantly reshaped global politics.

36
Q

What type of economic system does the USA represent?

A

Capitalist, hierarchy based

This system emphasizes private ownership and market-driven economies.

37
Q

What type of economic system was the USSR based on?

A

Communist, equality based

This system aimed to eliminate class distinctions through state ownership.

38
Q

What was a consequence of the bipolar world?

A

Geopolitical instability and proxy wars

Such conflicts often involved third-party countries fighting on behalf of the superpowers.

39
Q

What was the result of the fall of the USSR?

A

A unipolar world with only the USA in power

This shift allowed the USA to exert significant influence globally.

40
Q

How did the USA maintain its hegemony after the Cold War?

A

By using soft power

Soft power includes cultural influence, diplomacy, and international aid rather than military force.

41
Q

What mechanisms rose alongside neocolonialism?

A

Various forms of control exerted by powerful countries over weaker ones

This often involves economic and political manipulation rather than direct territorial control.

42
Q

From which groups are future superpowers likely to emerge?

A

BRICS and G20

These groups include emerging economies that are gaining global influence.

43
Q

What influence does Brazil have as an emerging power?

A

Strong political and cultural influence, particularly in global football

Brazil’s cultural exports contribute to its soft power.

44
Q

What type of influence does Russia hold?

A

Strong political influence, exemplified by its permanent seat on the UN Security Council

This position allows Russia to play a significant role in global governance.

45
Q

What is notable about India’s military status?

A

India has the largest military globally

This military strength positions India as a key player in regional and global security.

46
Q

What distinguishes China’s military?

A

China possesses the world’s largest military

This capability is a critical aspect of China’s rising global influence.

47
Q

Who proposed a model suggesting stages a country must go through to gain power?

A

Rostow

His model outlines economic development stages that nations typically experience.

48
Q

What does the dependency theory suggest?

A

The world is split into core and periphery countries

This theory critiques global capitalism and highlights economic inequalities.

49
Q

What is the role of the World Bank?

A

Makes development loans to developing countries within a ‘free market model’ that promotes exports, trade, industrialization, and private businesses.

50
Q

What does the IMF promote?

A

Global economic security and stability; assists countries to reform their economies.

51
Q

What is the focus of the WEF?

A

Promotes globalization and free trade.

52
Q

What is the function of the WTO?

A

Regulates global trade by promoting open trade and reducing protectionism.

53
Q

Where do the world’s largest TNCs operate?

A

In the world’s superpowers and emerging superpowers.

54
Q

What is a key feature of TNCs?

A

Their cultural impact on consumers.

55
Q

Increasing cultural globalization is referred to as _______.

A

[westernisation]

56
Q

What drives competition in a capitalist economic system?

A

Patents.

57
Q

What global events are superpowers involved in?

A

Pandemics, climate change, natural hazards, and wars.

58
Q

What is the primary global mechanism for maintaining international peace and security?

A

The UN.

59
Q

Who are the 5 permanent members of the UN?

A
  • China
  • France
  • Russia
  • UK
  • US
60
Q

What is the primary function of the International Court of Justice?

A

To settle disputes between UN member countries and advise on international laws.

61
Q

What environmental issues are caused by superpower rising demands for resources?

A

Environmental degradation and disproportionate carbon emissions contributing to global warming.

62
Q

What are global environmental concerns associated with?

A

Food production, minerals, and fossil fuels.

63
Q

How many states agreed to the Paris Agreement?

A

195 states.

64
Q

What does the Paris Agreement include?

A

Pledges to improve countries’ contributions to climate change.

65
Q

Do different superpowers have the same willingness to reduce environmental impacts?

A

No, different superpowers have different willingness to reach environmental agreements.

66
Q

What are the implications of future rises in middle class consumption?

A

Implications for the availability and cost of key resources.

Geography Paper 2 (8 decks)

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