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Geography H > Superpowers > Flashcards

Superpowers Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a superpower

A

A nation with the means to project its power and influence anywhere in the world, and to be a dominant global force.

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2
Q

What is an emerging power

A

Rising primarily economic influence of a nation - or union of nations - which has steadily increased their presence in global affairs
E.g Russia or Japan.

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3
Q

What is a hyperpower

A

An unchallenged superpower that is dominant in all aspects of power
E.g USA 1990-2010, Britain 1850-1910.

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4
Q

What is hard power

A

Getting your own way by force

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5
Q

What is soft power

A

The power of persuasion, making policies attractive

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6
Q

What is economic power

A

Sitting somewhere in between soft and hard power

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7
Q

What is smart power

A

A combination of hard and soft power, powerful countries will use this

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8
Q

What are the 5 pillars of superpower status

A

Military, Political, Cultural, Resources, Economic

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9
Q

Military supporters status (2)

A

-The threat of military power is powerful

-Millitary force can be used to achieve geopolitical goals

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10
Q

Political superpower status

A

The ability to influence others through diplomacy to get your way is important and is expertise through international organisations

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11
Q

Cultural superpower status

A

How appealing a nations way of life, values and ideology are to others
E.g film, art and food

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12
Q

Resources superpower status

A

Physical or human
-level of education and skills by the nation but also the sheer amount of people

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13
Q

Economic superpower status

A

A large and powerful economy gives the wealth to build and maintain a powerful millitary, exploit natural resources and develop Human Resources through education

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14
Q

What is sharp power

A

Manipulation through interference in political election and media opinions

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15
Q

What are the sources of power (6)

A

Economic, political, military, cultural, demographic, natural resources.

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16
Q

What is economic as a source of power

A

A large total gdp gives countries the wealth needed to be a global player

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17
Q

What is political as a source of power

A

A leading country in like UN or IMF

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18
Q

What is military as a source of power

A

Having nuclear weapons to threaten

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19
Q

What is cultural as a source of power

A

Having ideas that other find appealing

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20
Q

What is demographic as a source of power

A

Power requires people to support

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21
Q

What is natural resources as a source of power

A

Having things such as fossil fuels

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22
Q

What’s 3 ways to maintain power

A

-international influence
-starting with hard power to be remembered and threaten
-military alliances to create allies e.g NATO

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23
Q

What is unipolar

A

A world dominated by only one superpower
E.g 1800-1919 dominance of British empire

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24
Q

What is bipolar

A

A world where two superpowers rule with opposing views
E.g 1945-1990 USA vs USSR

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25
Q

What is multipopular

A

When many superpowers and emerging powers compete
E.g 1919-1939 inter war period

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26
Q

What was the British empire and why did they believe it was right

A

When Britain was the biggest global superpower and believed it was their right to obtain colonies
-politically more land = more power
-economically colonies = cheap labour
Down to Royal Navy and sea and military power

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27
Q

Neo-colonial mechanisms of power (5, long)

A

Military alliances- between superpower and developing when they become dependant
Development aid- string attached forced to agree to policies
Investment from abroad creates jobs but relays on receiving following policies
Low exports- contrast with high prices for the goods
Debt- developing countries borrowing money from developed

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28
Q

America vs USSR after world war

A

America became a strong player but USSR did not agree with beliefs and policies so took advantage of weakened countries to become more powerful

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29
Q

Communism (6)

A

-union of soviet socialist republics
-social objective is equality
-businesses belong to the state
-government planned economy
-dictatorship (no free elections)
-workers employees by the state

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30
Q

Capitalism (6)

A

-the USA
-social objective is freedom
-free market economy
-workers are employees by profit making individuals
-democracy with elected leaders
-businesses are privately owned

31
Q

What is cultural hegemony

A

The idea that rule is maintained through ideological means, achieved through social institutions which allow them to influence values, ideas, and expectations of society

32
Q

US cultural hegemony

A

Largely unchallenged

The US consumer culture can be identified through brand value where 6/10 top brands in 2020 are American TNCs

33
Q

What are the BRIC countries and what are they

A

Brazil, Russia, India, China

A group that are to be suture powers by working together?

34
Q

What are the MINT countries

A

Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey

35
Q

How and why are china developing film industry and social apps

A

USA want their movies into china by three ways (co-production, fee, revenue sharing)
However China want their own films and now have created their own Hollywood
Created their own internet apps that include all aspects of western apps e.g WECHAT

36
Q

What’s the future of superpowers

A

All four MINT countries are expected to have an increase in gdp
USA and china stay near the top
And Nigeria’s potential will increase due to population increase and strong relationship with china

37
Q

Brazil strengths and weaknesses

A

-Strong agriculture - Small military
-Energy independent -Economy boom and bust phases
-Growing middle class -Education lags behind

38
Q

Russia strengths and weaknesses

A

-Nuclear power -Extreme inequality
-Huge oil and gas reserve -Dependent on oil and gas
-UN seat -Difficult relationships with USA/EU

39
Q

India strengths and weaknesses

A

-Youthful population -Possible resource shortage
-English widely spoken -Poor energy
-Nuclear armed -High poverty levels

40
Q

Chinas strengths and weaknesses

A

-Highly educated -Soon ageing population
-Military growing -Major pollution issues
-Modern infrastructure. -High wages mean TNC not interested
E.g high speed rail

41
Q

Mexico strengths and weaknesses

A

-Advanced economy -Crime poor global image
-USMCA trade bloc. -Well educated
-More open for busin -Many well educated will migrate out of Mexico

42
Q

Indonesia strengths and weaknesses

A

-Youthful population -Deforestation
-Economic growth -High poverty
-Largely untapped natural resources -internal political instability

43
Q

Turkey strengths and weaknesses

A

-Economy increasing -Internal political problems
-Member of NATO -External political instability
-Youthful population

44
Q

What is the modernisation theory

A

Rostow 1960
A five stage model that outlines five phases that countries must pass through to develop and gain more power

45
Q

What’s stage 1 in modernisation theory

A

Traditional society
-subsistence farming
-small governing elite

46
Q

What’s stage 2 in modernisation theory

A

Preconditions for take off
-commercial exploitation
-primary production
-commercialisation

47
Q

What’s stage 3 in modernisation theory

A

Take off
-urbanisation
-industrialisation
-growth of manufacturing

48
Q

What’s stage 4 of modernisation theory

A

Drive to maturity
-diversification
-innovation
-investment

49
Q

What’s stage 5 in modernisation theory

A

Age of mass consumption
-highly sophisticated society

50
Q

Modernisation theory criticisms

A

It does not explain how some countries gain the cultural and political power needed to become a superpower

51
Q

What is the dependency theory

A

Frank in 1966
The idea that the world is split into developed core countries and undeveloped peripheral countries. It’s the relationship between these countries that helps to maintain and increase the core power

52
Q

Dependency theory criticisms

A

Newly industrial countries have developed e.g South Korea

Many Asian NICs have received aid from USA to help them develop

53
Q

What is the worlds system theory

A

Wallerstern 1970s
Three tier model with the core, periphery and semi periphery. And it argues that cycles of growth and stagnation which typify capitalist development allow some countries to shift

54
Q

Worlds system theory criticisms

A

It is really an analysis of worlds patterns of power and wealth rather than an explanation for them

55
Q

What are IGOs who created them and why

A

Inter-governmental organisations
Created by western global superpowers
Bretton woods 1944 conference aim was to create IGOs to stop future wars
And uSA and Europe are able to exert considerable influence over global economy maintaining superpower power

56
Q

Explain the current global economic system

A

Dominated by free market capitalist economic system
Capitalism operated alongside socialist planned economies
Collapse of socialist economies in the USSR and Eastern Europe
Chinas movement, state capitalism
Reform in communist Cuba

57
Q

World bank and capitalism

A

Makes loans to developing countries but within the free market which actually benfits the larger developed TNCs

58
Q

IMF and helping capitalism

A

Assisting countries to reform their economies but this also means they are open so developed countries can use them and exploit their labour

59
Q

What are the three top TNCs

A

-Walmart ($482bn) USA
-State grid ($330bn) China
-Petro china ($299bn) China

60
Q

What are the two types of TNCs (explain)

A

Publically traded TNCs whos shares are owned by numerous stakeholders around the world e.g Tesco, Disney

State owned TNCs that are majority or wholly owned by the government e.g bank of China, Petronas

61
Q

How do TNCs dominate global economies

A

They are of a big scale meaning they can out compete the smaller companies
Their ability to borrow money to invest allows to take advantage of globalisation
Free trade has opened up new markets, allowing them to expand easier
TNCs may influence government policies- wont sell if u don’t change laws
Easily recognisable- one language and pictures

62
Q

What is cultural impact

A

Measured by using brand value e.g apple 234
TNCs influence countries they originate and sell too
Brands recognised by pictures and no words

63
Q

How to TNCs cause westernisation

A

Since many of the top TNCs are American meaning that as they spread around the world they are spreading their values and ways of life therefore westernising the rest to the world e.g fast food

64
Q

How are TNCs cultrally globalising

A

The whole worlds culture is being spread everywhere not just Americans, for example sushi is becoming more popular in Europe
However the Western spin on it is it being in supermarkets and packeted e.g meal deals (hybridisation)

65
Q

What is cultural traffic

A

Movement of the products being spread can be both America to Asia and Asia to America

66
Q

What’s the role of the media in TNCs

A

It gives the USA the ability to constantly reinforce its cultural message and values, often in a subtle way
(Putting what should be culturally right in movies)

67
Q

How has the USA has intervened military in foreign countries (3ways)

A

-as part of a UN Security Council Action
-together with allied countries as a coalition outside UN remit
-unilaterally ( with not support from other countries )

68
Q

NATO

A

Promotes democratic values and encourages consultation and cooperation on defence to build trust and prevent conflict (political)

69
Q

NAFTA

A

North America free trade agreement- established a free trade zone in North America ( economic )

70
Q

ANZUS

A

Australia, New Zealand, US, treaty - protect the security of the pacific (environmental)

71
Q

ASEAN

A

The Association of SouthEast Asian Nations- regional grouping that aims to promote economic and security cooperation among its ten members

72
Q

UN

A

United Nations- maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations promoting social progress

73
Q

IPCC

A

Intergovernmental panel on climate change- provide policy makers with regular scientific assessments on climate change put forward adaption and mitigation ideas ( environmental )

74
Q

EU

A

European Union- promote peace, its values, and well being of its citizens

Geography H (4 decks)

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