Regeneration Flashcards
what is a key factor in the creation of a place
structure of the local economyn
what is primary industry
raw material e.g. crops
what is secondary industry
manufactures or assembles the raw materials into are commodities
what is tertiary industry
services e.g. transporting the goods
what is quaternary industry
the knowledge sector of the economy e.g. IT
what is the clark fisher model
shows the change in types of industry and how primary has decreased and tertiary increased
the quaternary came around post industrial
what is the quinary sector
the highest levels of decision making occurs e.g. top level executives in government
what are the 6 types of employment
permanent, temporary, full time, part time, employed, self employed
what is permanent employment
the worker has contract no end date
what is temporary employment
short term position, fixed end date
what is full time employment
works 5 days a week >35 hours
what is part time employment
not 100% of a week e.g. 3 days
what is employed employment
member staff, paid by their employer
what is self employed employment
responsible for own business and their income is paid to themselves
ups current employment rates
32.8 million people in work
1.46 million officially unemployed
uks employment sectors forom 1926-2016
tertiary sector increased form 52% to 84%
secondary decreases from 34% to 15%
primary decreased from 14% to 1%
pay levels in the uk
high pay diffuses out from London with median being around 25-35k closest to London
what is postcode lottery
refers to uneven distribution of local personal health services nationally especially in mental health early diagnosis of cancer and emergency care of elderly
whats the Glasgow effect
impacts if poor health linked to deprivation
gross value added
measures the contribution to the economy of each individual producer, industry or sector
used for calculating GDP
index of multiple deprivation
-measures used by central governments and local authorities to target regeneration aid
-areas ranked by their level of deprivation
- but not all people may be deprived in that area
- country split into 32.844 areas
- 37 indicators are used to measure deprivation
what are functions
the role a place plays for its community and surroundings, they grow, disappear and change over time
what are the 6 key functions
retail, administrative, residential, transport, industrial, commercial
retail function
zone where shops are available selling a range of goods
administrative function
the area includes local authority offices who run the local services may include national government offices
residential function
zone dominated by housing
transport function
mainly contains infrastructure for transport such as major roads and trains stations
industrial function
good are manufactures in factors
air and noise pollution tend to be high
commercial function
contains recreation facilities such as sports centres and cinemas which provide services for people
what are the 5 factors that may cause functions to change
physical factors, accessibility and connectedness, historical development, local and national planning, other factors
physical factors that may cause a function to change
- sea level rising coastal erosion
- climate change effecting land use decisions
- flood defences are developing to be multi use with tourist attraction
accessibility ad connectedness that may cause function to change
- developments of roads and railways change importance of towns
- villages in essex and Kent becoming more popular rural alternatives
- Shenfield overtook Brentwood in important when main railway line to London switched form stopping in bwood to sfiled cross rail
historical development that may cause function to change
- current layout and characteristics still reflect their history (London west vs eastern divide)
local and national planning that may cause function to change
- national infrastructure plan (2010) has deigned towns like Bicester as new garden cities with 13000 new homes and railway
other factors that may cause function to change
- globalisation
- deindustrialisation
- migration
what is gentrification
a cage in social structure of a place when affluent people move in
causes poorer people to move out of the area as they can no longer afford it
lesson 4????
u need to find if this lesson exxists
what are the 7 induce son deprivation
- income
- employment
- education
- health
- crime
- barriers to housing and services
- living environment
what is the positive multiplier effect
can be good or bad its just how an increase in something leads to an increase in another
what Is deindustrialization
getting rid of factories
example of a spiral of decline
industrial decline- reduced workforce- unemployed- less money to spend in local shops- economy suffering- shops close- derelict
what is the rust belt USA
a strip across the use of derelict factories
- New York to Wisconsin
- steel cars
- outsourcing and offshoring cause
- lakes were good fro trading
when does economic inequality occur
when income and wealth in a specific location is not even spread amongst the population
when does social inequality occur
when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly between population
what are the 4 types of community
- sink estates
- rural settlements
- commuter towns
- gated communities
what is a sink estate
a British council housing estate characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation
what is a rural settlement
an area characterised by historical out migration influenced by mechanisation of farming and subsequent lack of employment
what is a commuter town
residents normally work elsewhere although they live eat and sleep in th area will travel fro tourism
what is a gated community
a residential community or housing estate contains strictly controlled entrances and often characterised by a closed perimeter of walls and fences
what are the regeneration priorities in a gated community
- infrastructure and facilities upgrade
-security enhances - social spaces
- technology
- aesthetics
what are the regeneration priorities in a rural settlement
- economic
- housing + population retention
- social well being
- e.g. eden cornwall
what are the regeneration priorities in a commuter settlement
- employment levels
- housing development
- social community
- environmental sustainability
- e.g. woking Surrey
what are the regeneration priorities in a sink estate
- economic
- crime reduction
- housing urban renewal
- transport
- e.g. park hill Sheffield
what is infrastructure
physical and organisational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise
what is a public sector
owned and operated by the government funded by taxes
what is a private sector
Owen and operates by individuals or private companies
what role doe the government have in regeneration
- investment in infrastructure addressing issues of accessibly
- two main characteristics high cost and longevity
- 1980s increasing privatisation and partnerships
- private secor is used to design build and finance maintain public sector assets
whats a place
geographical spaces shaped bu individuals and communities over time
rural - urban continuum
unbroken transition from sparsely populated rural places to densely populated urban areas
what factors might affect a regeneration policy
- politics of the local area
- legal of the past
- urban vs rural locations
- legacy of past projects
- external factors e.g. recession
what is a local authority
- local version of a government
what responsibilities do local authorities have
- range of vital services fro people and businesses
- well known functions such as social care, schools, housing, planning and wast collection
- licensing business support and pest control
what is inward investment
involves an external of foreign entity either investing in or purchasing the goods of local economy.
foreign money that comes into the domestic economy
what actions can local government take to improve an area (3)
- invest in infrastructure fro specific sectors e.g. science parks
- offer incentives/ remove barriers fro businesses e.g. council tax discounts
- encourage external funding through use of sport are culture and heritage e.g. Olympic region or Glasgow
what is regional aid
grants available to deindustrialised , or remote , rural areas to stimulate new investment, businesses start-ups and funding towards costs
ended 2021
what are enterprise zones
incentives focused on specific areas to attract investments
post production countryside
a rural place whose economy is no longer based on agriculture, reflection of increasing small % of the workforce in traditional rural employment
post productions
changes in agriculture policy and practise shifting the emphasis away from maximum yield’s and towards more sustainable agriculture
what are the 5 main problems faced by rural areas
- lack of rural services
- lack of employment opportunities
- low wages (25% below uk average)
- decline in primary employment
- seasonal tourism
lesson 12
