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Human Geography > Superpowers > Flashcards

Superpowers Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a superpower, with an example (7.1A)

A

a super is a country with the ability to project its dominating power and influence anywhere in the world. USA

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2
Q

what is an emerging superpowers, with an examples (7.1A)

A

countries with large role in one or ore superpower characteristics and with growing influence. China, Brazil, India, Russia

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3
Q

what is an regional power, with an example (7.1A)

A

project dominating power and influence over the countries within the continent or region. UK, Germany, France in Europe
Saudi Arabia and Iran in the Middle East
South Africa and Nigeria in Africa

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4
Q

name the 6 superpower characterisrics (7.1A)

A

Economic, Political, Military, Cultural, Demographic, Natural Resources

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5
Q

Superpower Characteristc - Economic (7.1A)

A
  • large gdp, high % of international trade, currency used as reserve currency
  • large gdp creates influence as a potential market and as the home of TNCs which creates FDI
  • Underpins the other 5 characteristics
    The USA has the world largest total GDP - 18.5 trillion
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6
Q

Superpower Characteristics - Political (7.1A)

A
  • Ability to influence the policies of other countries through dominance of negotiations (bilaterally and through international organisation)
  • Many international organisations do not equally weight members
    Voting power may be determined by economic contribution, historical role in founding of organisation (un) population etc
  • Often due to dominance in other characteristics, large economy gives power in trade talks, military power can make countries a threat
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7
Q

Superpower Characteristics - Military (7.1A)

A

Military power with global reach means they can be used to achieve geopolitical goals
- Global influence through blue water (ocean going) navy and drone, missile and satellite technology
- Dependant on demographic power, the number of military personnel that can be depoloyed
Dependant on economic power - budget determines investment in military technology which increases power
Russia have the most active nuclear warheads (1790) USA are second 1750

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8
Q

Superpower Characteristics - Cultural (7.1A)

A

Ability to influence beliefs, values, ideology, and way of life In other countries
Achieved by

Dominance of media (films, tv,radio,internet,education)
TNCs or migrants introducing cultural products (foods, clothing, music,religion)
Imposition of viewpoint in internernational agreements

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9
Q

Demographic (7.1A)

A

Large population = large diaspora and workers at TNCs
Assists economic power through a large market and economies of scale (no more profit)
Means army can be larger
China has largest population 1.4 Billion

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10
Q

Superpower Characteristics - Resources (7.1A)

A

Control of access to physical resources - energy minerals
Provides inputs for economic growth
Means they can be exported at higher price = economic power - OPEC and Oil
May be internally located, or accessed through reliable source countries through transport pathways
Essential for military power

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11
Q

(7.4a) World Bank

A

Founded - 1944
Lends money to developing and emerging economies to promote economic development
This is done within Western capitalist model
The money originates from developed countries

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12
Q

(7.4a) IMF

A

Founded - 1945
Promotes global economic stability
Aids to economies in opening up to world trade and investment
Comes to aid of countries to economic diffculty

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13
Q

(7.4a) WTO

A

1955 (replaced CATT rounds from (1948)
Works to remove a barriers to international trade
Has negotiated a sequence of global free trade agreements that have gradually removed trade taxers and quotas

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14
Q

(7.4A) WEF

A

1971
Swiss non profit organisation
Acts as a forum for discussion between business, politicians and IGOs
Pro free traded pro TNCs

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15
Q

Name the two types of TNCs (7.6a)

A

Public TNCs

State Led TNCs

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16
Q

What are public tncs (7.6a)

A

Owned by private shareholders (public) Apple, Tesco, Walmart, Disney

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17
Q

what are state led tncs (7.6a)

A

owned by government, Bank of China, EDF, Petronas

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18
Q

Where are state led TNCs found and the industry (7.6a)

A

founded in countries with communist command economies or mixed economies, China, Russia
Within strategic industries, banking, oil and gas

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19
Q

what economies have tncs (7.6a)

A

capitalist, free market economies have mainly public tncs

shareholders receive a proportion of annual profits dividend

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20
Q

TNCs facts (7.6a)

A 
9-20 American
5 European
4 Chinese (state owned)
1 Japanese
1 South Korean
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21
Q

Chinese TNCs (7.6a)

A

2,3,4,15th - less global, operating mainly in China and few other developing and emerging countries

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22
Q

What is the largest TNCs (7.6a)

A

Walmart - revenue $485 Billion in 2015 - larger GDP than Belgium

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23
Q

Economic Power of TNCs

A

dominate global economy, 200 tncs produced 25% of global output in 2015

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24
Q

why in 2015 did 200 tncs dominate the global economy producing 25% of global output (7.6a)

A

economies of scale, they can produce goods more cheaply than national firms so drive them out of business

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25
Q

How much do TNCs account for global trade

7.6a

A

80% of global trade

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26
Q

TNCs and Superpowers (7.6a)

A

62% of world 2000 biggest companies in 2016 were from EU, USA, Japan 25% in USA alone

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27
Q

TNCs Soft power (7.6a)

A

spread cultural globalisations through ideology, creation of new technologies helps maintain military superiority for hard power

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28
Q

Trade Routes and TNCs (7.6a)

A

economic power influence trade patterns, therefore the location of areas of growth FDI
Partially responsible for global shift, they decide to move elsewhere, such as US car companies moving out of Detroit, they can cause economic decline

29
Q

Technology and TNCs (7.6a)

A

Invest their large profits heavily in new technologies and patents, earns them more money through new products new products and royalties paid by other companies to use their patents, it may make their products cheaper or better quality

30
Q

what is a patent (7.6a)

A

legal protection given to new invention, other companies can use it but have to pay royalty fee to company.

31
Q

how do superpowers affect the environment (7.6a)

A

the resources demand food, fossil fuels and minerals which cause environment degradation and their carbon emissions contribute to global warming

32
Q

who are the top 6 global carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (7.6a)

A 
29% China
14% USA
10% EU
7% India
5% Russia
35% Rest of the world
33
Q

why is an agreement in reducing greenhouse gases difficult (7.6a)

A

big emitters need to agree the terms otherwise the pact will fail as they account for a large percentage of global emissions

34
Q

which countries/regions have been reluctant and who have agreed (7.6a)

A

USA and China have been reluctant whereas the EU have often led this regard

35
Q

who’s emissions are falling and who’s are still rising (7.6a)

A

EU and USA are static or falling (due to efficiency and green policies)
China emissions are rising

36
Q

energy demand increase where will this come from

7.6a

A

emerging and developing countries, India and China

37
Q

what resources will be used to meet energy demand and why it is bad (7.6a)

A

fossil fuel coal, gas,oil = carbon dioxide emissions rise

38
Q

China - Energy demand and other demand (7.6a)

A

bigger houses and consumer goods will suck in global energy and mineral resources and could lead to rising resource prices and shortages

39
Q

Economic Development - Environment (7.6a)

A

continued economic development in emerging countries is likely to lead to environmental degradation
= health problems especially in dented cities

40
Q

what to emerging powers tend to favour (7.6a)

A

priorities economic development over environmental protection

41
Q

what causes do pressures on resources have

A

Increasing population, especially in India, Indonesia, Brazil
Increasing wealth, global middle class ($10-100 per day) is to increase from 2 billion 2012 to 5 billion 2030

42
Q

Water - Emerging powers consumption

A

In the USA and EU washing machines, dishwashers, daily bath/shower and swimming pools are common. Emerging countries do not have this additional water supplies will be needed to become true

43
Q

Oil - Emerging powers consumption

A

2015 USA used 19 million barrels per day, China 12 million India 4 million. Indian and Chinese demand could reach USA level

44
Q

Food - Emerging countries consumption

A 
meat, sugar and dairy products will rise due countries having western diets 
Stable grains (wheat, rice ) in China, India as they develop will increase
45
Q

Rare Earths - Emerging countries consumption

A

Scandium, Terbium, Yttrium used in electronic, medical and laser device

46
Q

Consequences of increase demand

A

Price of key resources will rise due to higher demand puts pressure on supply
Availbilty of resources, especially non renewable ones, falls as some supplies are used up

47
Q

Middle class consumption - Physical Environment

A

increase carbon emissions from higher energy consumption and more factories
more use of water and therefore more polluted waste water

48
Q

how are resources obtained through international trade

A

buying resources at high prices, 2008 crude oil was priced at $140 per barrel
trading with unfriendly regimes, politically unstable (Iranian and Iraqi oil)
during conflict, trade routes, therefore supply is blocked

49
Q

Claiming new territory and its resources

A

Invasion and conquest of another country territory

claiming offshore undersea resources by extending EEZ

50
Q

What is a EEZ (exclusive economic zone)

A

extends 20 nautical miles offshore from a country coats, includes all resources under the sea, size can be extended

51
Q

CASE STUDY

RUSSIA AND CRIMEA

A

Russia invaded and took Crimea (Part of Ukraine) by force in 2014
Reason - gain control of the Russian naval base at Sevastopol in Crimea - Home to Russia Black Sea fleet
Russia leased the base in 1997 but not owned
Russia feared is Ukraine joined NATO strategic bade would be lost
Fearing loss of land and port Russia acted

52
Q

ARTIC OIL AND GAS RESOURCES

A
  • Huge oil and gas reserves under the Artic Ocean
  • Area beyond EEZ of Canada USA Russia Denmark
  • All countries claimed EEZ extension which are disputed by others.Lodged to the UN (which rules them)
  • Military partols, activity have increased in the Artic since 2007, each countries show how interested it is in the area and willing to defend its claim
53
Q

How could conflict awaken from Artic Oil

A

Environment problems from oil spills is high with a pristine ecosystem on the planet with large indigenous population
Drilling oil and gas could become a source of diplomatic and actual conflict

54
Q

the emerging middle class

A 
emerging economies have led to increased resource consumption has exceeded global population growth since 2000
global middle class grey 500 million between 2000-2014 - Latin America, South,South east Asia
55
Q

implications for resources in short supply

A

toxic and rare compounds for the batteries

mobile phones = crude oil for plastic

56
Q

why must china be included in any climate agreement

A

china is one of the biggest players - agreeing means the agreement is successful

57
Q

USA Since 2005

A

led the way reducing total emissions by using renewable energy and energy efficiency measure s- this changed during trump

58
Q

what areas are disputed in the south china sea

A

China, Taiwan, Phillipines, Brunei, Malaysia, Vietnam

59
Q

how have china responded in the South China Sea

A

military bases in the spralty island - 3km aircraft runway on Fiery Cross Reef

60
Q

How china responded - impacts

A

india and US allies such as Japan, Taiwan, Australia are worried by the development

61
Q

how do china claim territory claims in south china sea

A

assertions that the disputed islands are china territory because sitting on an extension of its continental shelf

62
Q

what resources are in the south china sea

A

oil and gas
11 billions barrel of oil
190 trillion cubic feet of natural gas

63
Q

what did the USA do in the south china sea

A

USA had patrol boats to make china aware of their presence

64
Q

Political Tensions

A

Israel contentious state with the Muslim Middle East - opposes its creation
major supporter of USA struggles to maintain positive influence in Arab word

65
Q

Economic Tensions

A

essential supplier of oil

rise of ISIS in Iraq focused western interested on defending oil reserves

66
Q

Cultural Tensions

A

religious and ethnic tensions stemming from historic tribal or religious divisions of the region between Shia Iran, Sunni Iraq

67
Q

Environmental Tensions

A

conflicts result in damage to oil installation with consequences - eg following invasion of allies forces in Iraq 2003

68
Q

Middle East Cold War

A

Iran v South Arabia
ongoing struggle for influence in the Middle East and other Muslim regions between Iran and Saudi Arabia.
Iran - Shia Muslim
Saudi Arabi - Sunni Muslim

Human Geography (4 decks)

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