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Superpowers Flashcards

1
Q

what is a superpower, with an example (7.1A)

A

a super is a country with the ability to project its dominating power and influence anywhere in the world. USA

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2
Q

what is an emerging superpowers, with an examples (7.1A)

A

countries with large role in one or ore superpower characteristics and with growing influence. China, Brazil, India, Russia

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3
Q

what is an regional power, with an example (7.1A)

A

project dominating power and influence over the countries within the continent or region. UK, Germany, France in Europe
Saudi Arabia and Iran in the Middle East
South Africa and Nigeria in Africa

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4
Q

name the 6 superpower characterisrics (7.1A)

A

Economic, Political, Military, Cultural, Demographic, Natural Resources

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5
Q

Superpower Characteristc - Economic (7.1A)

A
  • large gdp, high % of international trade, currency used as reserve currency
  • large gdp creates influence as a potential market and as the home of TNCs which creates FDI
  • Underpins the other 5 characteristics
    The USA has the world largest total GDP - 18.5 trillion
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6
Q

Superpower Characteristics - Political (7.1A)

A
  • Ability to influence the policies of other countries through dominance of negotiations (bilaterally and through international organisation)
  • Many international organisations do not equally weight members
    Voting power may be determined by economic contribution, historical role in founding of organisation (un) population etc
  • Often due to dominance in other characteristics, large economy gives power in trade talks, military power can make countries a threat
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7
Q

Superpower Characteristics - Military (7.1A)

A

Military power with global reach means they can be used to achieve geopolitical goals
- Global influence through blue water (ocean going) navy and drone, missile and satellite technology
- Dependant on demographic power, the number of military personnel that can be depoloyed
Dependant on economic power - budget determines investment in military technology which increases power
Russia have the most active nuclear warheads (1790) USA are second 1750

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8
Q

Superpower Characteristics - Cultural (7.1A)

A

Ability to influence beliefs, values, ideology, and way of life In other countries
Achieved by

Dominance of media (films, tv,radio,internet,education)
TNCs or migrants introducing cultural products (foods, clothing, music,religion)
Imposition of viewpoint in internernational agreements

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9
Q

Demographic (7.1A)

A

Large population = large diaspora and workers at TNCs
Assists economic power through a large market and economies of scale (no more profit)
Means army can be larger
China has largest population 1.4 Billion

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10
Q

Superpower Characteristics - Resources (7.1A)

A

Control of access to physical resources - energy minerals
Provides inputs for economic growth
Means they can be exported at higher price = economic power - OPEC and Oil
May be internally located, or accessed through reliable source countries through transport pathways
Essential for military power

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11
Q

(7.4a) World Bank

A

Founded - 1944
Lends money to developing and emerging economies to promote economic development
This is done within Western capitalist model
The money originates from developed countries

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12
Q

(7.4a) IMF

A

Founded - 1945
Promotes global economic stability
Aids to economies in opening up to world trade and investment
Comes to aid of countries to economic diffculty

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13
Q

(7.4a) WTO

A

1955 (replaced CATT rounds from (1948)
Works to remove a barriers to international trade
Has negotiated a sequence of global free trade agreements that have gradually removed trade taxers and quotas

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14
Q

(7.4A) WEF

A

1971
Swiss non profit organisation
Acts as a forum for discussion between business, politicians and IGOs
Pro free traded pro TNCs

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15
Q

Name the two types of TNCs (7.6a)

A

Public TNCs

State Led TNCs

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16
Q

What are public tncs (7.6a)

A

Owned by private shareholders (public) Apple, Tesco, Walmart, Disney

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17
Q

what are state led tncs (7.6a)

A

owned by government, Bank of China, EDF, Petronas

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18
Q

Where are state led TNCs found and the industry (7.6a)

A

founded in countries with communist command economies or mixed economies, China, Russia
Within strategic industries, banking, oil and gas

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19
Q

what economies have tncs (7.6a)

A

capitalist, free market economies have mainly public tncs

shareholders receive a proportion of annual profits dividend

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20
Q

TNCs facts (7.6a)

A 
9-20 American
5 European
4 Chinese (state owned)
1 Japanese
1 South Korean
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21
Q

Chinese TNCs (7.6a)

A

2,3,4,15th - less global, operating mainly in China and few other developing and emerging countries

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22
Q

What is the largest TNCs (7.6a)

A

Walmart - revenue $485 Billion in 2015 - larger GDP than Belgium

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23
Q

Economic Power of TNCs

A

dominate global economy, 200 tncs produced 25% of global output in 2015

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24
Q

why in 2015 did 200 tncs dominate the global economy producing 25% of global output (7.6a)

A

economies of scale, they can produce goods more cheaply than national firms so drive them out of business

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25
How much do TNCs account for global trade | 7.6a
80% of global trade
26
TNCs and Superpowers (7.6a)
62% of world 2000 biggest companies in 2016 were from EU, USA, Japan 25% in USA alone
27
TNCs Soft power (7.6a)
spread cultural globalisations through ideology, creation of new technologies helps maintain military superiority for hard power
28
Trade Routes and TNCs (7.6a)
economic power influence trade patterns, therefore the location of areas of growth FDI Partially responsible for global shift, they decide to move elsewhere, such as US car companies moving out of Detroit, they can cause economic decline
29
Technology and TNCs (7.6a)
Invest their large profits heavily in new technologies and patents, earns them more money through new products new products and royalties paid by other companies to use their patents, it may make their products cheaper or better quality
30
what is a patent (7.6a)
legal protection given to new invention, other companies can use it but have to pay royalty fee to company.
31
how do superpowers affect the environment (7.6a)
the resources demand food, fossil fuels and minerals which cause environment degradation and their carbon emissions contribute to global warming
32
who are the top 6 global carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (7.6a)
``` 29% China 14% USA 10% EU 7% India 5% Russia 35% Rest of the world ```
33
why is an agreement in reducing greenhouse gases difficult (7.6a)
big emitters need to agree the terms otherwise the pact will fail as they account for a large percentage of global emissions
34
which countries/regions have been reluctant and who have agreed (7.6a)
USA and China have been reluctant whereas the EU have often led this regard
35
who's emissions are falling and who's are still rising (7.6a)
EU and USA are static or falling (due to efficiency and green policies) China emissions are rising
36
energy demand increase where will this come from | 7.6a
emerging and developing countries, India and China
37
what resources will be used to meet energy demand and why it is bad (7.6a)
fossil fuel coal, gas,oil = carbon dioxide emissions rise
38
China - Energy demand and other demand (7.6a)
bigger houses and consumer goods will suck in global energy and mineral resources and could lead to rising resource prices and shortages
39
Economic Development - Environment (7.6a)
continued economic development in emerging countries is likely to lead to environmental degradation = health problems especially in dented cities
40
what to emerging powers tend to favour (7.6a)
priorities economic development over environmental protection
41
what causes do pressures on resources have
Increasing population, especially in India, Indonesia, Brazil Increasing wealth, global middle class ($10-100 per day) is to increase from 2 billion 2012 to 5 billion 2030
42
Water - Emerging powers consumption
In the USA and EU washing machines, dishwashers, daily bath/shower and swimming pools are common. Emerging countries do not have this additional water supplies will be needed to become true
43
Oil - Emerging powers consumption
2015 USA used 19 million barrels per day, China 12 million India 4 million. Indian and Chinese demand could reach USA level
44
Food - Emerging countries consumption
``` meat, sugar and dairy products will rise due countries having western diets Stable grains (wheat, rice ) in China, India as they develop will increase ```
45
Rare Earths - Emerging countries consumption
Scandium, Terbium, Yttrium used in electronic, medical and laser device
46
Consequences of increase demand
Price of key resources will rise due to higher demand puts pressure on supply Availbilty of resources, especially non renewable ones, falls as some supplies are used up
47
Middle class consumption - Physical Environment
increase carbon emissions from higher energy consumption and more factories more use of water and therefore more polluted waste water
48
how are resources obtained through international trade
buying resources at high prices, 2008 crude oil was priced at $140 per barrel trading with unfriendly regimes, politically unstable (Iranian and Iraqi oil) during conflict, trade routes, therefore supply is blocked
49
Claiming new territory and its resources
Invasion and conquest of another country territory | claiming offshore undersea resources by extending EEZ
50
What is a EEZ (exclusive economic zone)
extends 20 nautical miles offshore from a country coats, includes all resources under the sea, size can be extended
51
CASE STUDY | RUSSIA AND CRIMEA
Russia invaded and took Crimea (Part of Ukraine) by force in 2014 Reason - gain control of the Russian naval base at Sevastopol in Crimea - Home to Russia Black Sea fleet Russia leased the base in 1997 but not owned Russia feared is Ukraine joined NATO strategic bade would be lost Fearing loss of land and port Russia acted
52
ARTIC OIL AND GAS RESOURCES
- Huge oil and gas reserves under the Artic Ocean - Area beyond EEZ of Canada USA Russia Denmark - All countries claimed EEZ extension which are disputed by others.Lodged to the UN (which rules them) - Military partols, activity have increased in the Artic since 2007, each countries show how interested it is in the area and willing to defend its claim
53
How could conflict awaken from Artic Oil
Environment problems from oil spills is high with a pristine ecosystem on the planet with large indigenous population Drilling oil and gas could become a source of diplomatic and actual conflict
54
the emerging middle class
``` emerging economies have led to increased resource consumption has exceeded global population growth since 2000 global middle class grey 500 million between 2000-2014 - Latin America, South,South east Asia ```
55
implications for resources in short supply
toxic and rare compounds for the batteries | mobile phones = crude oil for plastic
56
why must china be included in any climate agreement
china is one of the biggest players - agreeing means the agreement is successful
57
USA Since 2005
led the way reducing total emissions by using renewable energy and energy efficiency measure s- this changed during trump
58
what areas are disputed in the south china sea
China, Taiwan, Phillipines, Brunei, Malaysia, Vietnam
59
how have china responded in the South China Sea
military bases in the spralty island - 3km aircraft runway on Fiery Cross Reef
60
How china responded - impacts
india and US allies such as Japan, Taiwan, Australia are worried by the development
61
how do china claim territory claims in south china sea
assertions that the disputed islands are china territory because sitting on an extension of its continental shelf
62
what resources are in the south china sea
oil and gas 11 billions barrel of oil 190 trillion cubic feet of natural gas
63
what did the USA do in the south china sea
USA had patrol boats to make china aware of their presence
64
Political Tensions
Israel contentious state with the Muslim Middle East - opposes its creation major supporter of USA struggles to maintain positive influence in Arab word
65
Economic Tensions
essential supplier of oil | rise of ISIS in Iraq focused western interested on defending oil reserves
66
Cultural Tensions
religious and ethnic tensions stemming from historic tribal or religious divisions of the region between Shia Iran, Sunni Iraq
67
Environmental Tensions
conflicts result in damage to oil installation with consequences - eg following invasion of allies forces in Iraq 2003
68
Middle East Cold War
Iran v South Arabia ongoing struggle for influence in the Middle East and other Muslim regions between Iran and Saudi Arabia. Iran - Shia Muslim Saudi Arabi - Sunni Muslim

Human Geography (4 decks)

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