Superficial Neck

Question 1

what is the area on cervical vertebrae that muscles attach to?

Answer 1

bifid spinous processes

Question 2

what is the area on cervical vertebrae which vertebral arteries travel through to the brain?

Answer 2

transverse foramina

Question 3

C1 (what is special about it?)

Answer 3

• called the atlas
• ring of bone without a body
• lacks spinous process but has posterior tubercle (muscle attachment)
• articulates with occipital bone bone of skull at atlanto-occipital joints (allows for nodding motion)

Question 4

C2 (what is special about it?)

Answer 4

• has odontoid process extending superiorly from its body

- odontoid process articulates with anterior arch of atlas (provides 50% cervical rotation)

Question 5

Hyoid Bone

Answer 5

• between mandible and larynx

- has a body and cornu (horn-like processes)

Question 6

what layer of the skin do cutaneous nerves travel through?

Answer 6

hypodermis

Question 7

what is unique about the location of the muscles of facial expression?

Answer 7

they travel through superficial fascia

Question 8

Platysma

Answer 8

• within the superficial fascia
• origin: mandible
• insertion: ct of upper chest and shoulder
• action: tense skin of neck “shaver’s muscle”
• innervation: CN VII

Question 9

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

Answer 9

-origin: sternum and medial clavicle
-insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone
-action:
bilaterally = flexes head and neck
unilaterally = ipsilateral side-bending of neck and contralateral rotation of head
-innervation: CN XI

Question 10

Torticollis

Answer 10

shortening, spasm or fibrosis of SCM on one side

Question 11

Trapezius

Answer 11

• origin: external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament and spinous processes down to T12
• insertion: lateral clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula
• action: (upper part) elevates (shrug) and cranially-rotates scapula. Ipsilateral side-bending of neck and contralateral rotation of head
• innervation: CN XI

Question 12

borders of Anterior Triangle

Answer 12

SCM, mandible, and midline of neck

Question 13

borders of Posterior Triangle

Answer 13

SCM, clavicle and upper trapezius

Question 14

what muscles are innervated by ansa cervicalis?

Answer 14

steronyoid, sternothyroid and omohyoid

Question 15

what muscles are innervated by a direct C1 branch of the cervical plexus?

Answer 15

thyrohyoid and geniohyoid

Question 16

what are the infrahyoid muscles? (4)

Answer 16

sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid and thyrohyoid

Question 17

Sternohyoid

Answer 17

• origin: manubrium of sternum
• insertion: hyoid bone
• action: pull down hyoid bone (after being elevated) or stabilize it to prevent it from being elevated
• innervation: C1-C3 portions of ansa cervicalis

Question 18

Omohyoid

Answer 18

• origin: scapula (inferior belly)
• insertion: hyoid bone (superior belly)
• intermediate tendon tethered to clavicle by fascial sling
• action: depress or stabilize hyoid bone
• innervation: C1-C3 portions of ansa cervicalis

Question 19

Sternothyroid

Answer 19

• origin: manubrium of sternum
• insertion: oblique line of thyroid cartilage
• action: depress hyoid and larynx
• innervation: C2 and C3 portions of ansa cervicalis

Question 20

Thyrohyoid

Answer 20

• origin: oblique line of thyroid cartilage
• insertion: hyoid bone
• action: depress hyoid and elevate larynx
• innervation: C1 nerve branch

Question 21

where does the thyroid gland sit?

Answer 21

C5-T1

attached to cricoid cartilage and superior tracheal rings

Question 22

what are the suprahyoid muscles? (4)

Answer 22

digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid and geniohyoid

Question 23

Digastric

Answer 23

-attachment:
anterior belly: digastric fossa of mandible
posterior belly: mastoid notch of temporal bone
intermediate tendon: travels through sling of fascia that attaches to hyoid
-action: depress mandible (when hyoid bone stable) or elevate hyoid (when mandible stable)
-innervation:
anterior belly: mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (V3)
posterior belly: CN VII

Question 24

Stylohyoid

Answer 24

• origin: styloid process of temporal bone
• insertion: hyoid bone
• action: elevate and retract hyoid bone during swallowing
• innervation: CN VII

Question 25

what does stylohyoid with

Answer 25

runs with posterior belly of digastric and splits around intermediate tendon

Question 26

Mylohyoid

Answer 26

• origin: mylohyoid line of the mandible
• insertion: mylohyoid raphe and hyoid bone
• action: elevate hyoid bone or depress mandible (like digastric) and elevates floor of mouth and tongue during swallowing and speaking
• innervation: mandibular division of trigeminal (V3)

Question 27

Geniohyoid

Answer 27

deep to mylohyoid

• origin: inferior mental spine of mandible
• insertion: hyoid bone
• action: pull hyoid bone anteriorly and superiorly, shortening the floor of the oral cavity and widening the pharynx during swallowing

Question 28

what 4 triangles can the anterior triangle of the neck be subdivided into?

Answer 28

muscular, carotid, submandibular, and submental triangles

Question 29

borders of the Muscular Triangle

Answer 29

superior belly of omohyoid
SCM
midline of neck
(infrahyoid muscles and thyroid gland are in this region)

Question 30

borders of the Carotid Triangle

Answer 30

superior belly of omohyoid
posterior belly of digastric
SCM
(carotid artery, internal jugular vein and vagus nerve are located in this region)

Question 31

borders of the Submandibular Triangle

Answer 31

mandible
digastric
(mylohyoid located in floor of triangle. Lymph nodes and submandibular gland are in this region)

Question 32

borders of the Submental Triangle

Answer 32

anterior bellies of digastric
hyoid bone
(mylohyoid forms floor of triangle. Lymph nodes are in this region)