Superficial Lesions Flashcards
Lipoma
Benign tumour of mature adipocytes Sarcomatous change probably doesn’t occur Liposarcomas arise denovo (older pts, deeper tissue of lower limbs) INSPECTION - anywhere fat can expand, not scalp or palms - including spermatic cord and submucosa Palpation - soft, subcutaneous, imprecise margin, fluctuant Mx - non-surgical, surgical excision
Lipoma associated diseases
Dercum’s Disease / Adiposis dolorosa - Multiple, painful lipomas - Assoc. peripheral neuropathy - Obese postmen women Familial Multiple Lipomatosis Madelung’s Disease Bannayan-Zonana Syndrome - Multiple lipomas - Macrocephaly - Haemangiomas
Sebaceous Cyst
Epithelial-lined cyst containing keratin histo subtypes 1. Epidermal Cyst - arise from hair follicle infundibulum 2. Trichilemmal cyst/wen - Arise from hair follicle epithelium - Often multiple - May be autosomal dominant Inspection - occur at sites of hair growth, not soles or palms - central punctum Palpation - firm, smooth, intradermal Mx - non-surgical Surgical Excision
Sebaceous Cyst complications Cock’s peculiar tumour Gardener’s syndrome
Complications - Infection: pus discharge - Ulceration - Calcification Cock’s Peculiar Tumour - Large ulcerating trichilemmal cyst on the scalp - Resemble an SCC Gardener’s Syndrome: FAP + - Thyroid tumours - Osteomas - Dental abnormalities - Epidermal cysts
Ganglion
Cystic swelling related to synovial lined structures - joint, tendon Myxoid degeneration of fibrous tissue Contain thick gelatinous material INSPECTION - can be found anywhere - 90% dorsum of hand or wrist Dorsumof ankle May be scar from recurrence Weakly transilluminable Palpation - soft, subcutaneous, may be tethered to tendon
Ganglion DDx, Mx
DDx - bursae - cystic protrusion from synovial cavity or arthritic joint Non-surgical - aspiration followed by 3 weeks of immobilisation Surgical excision - recurrence can be 50% - neurovascular damage
Seborrheic Keratosis
Benign hyperplasia of basal epithelial layer - hyperkeratosis: keratin layer thickening - acanthosis - prickle layer thickening Stuck on appearance dark brown greasy Non-surgical mx
Neurofibroma
Benign nerve sheath tumour arising from schwann cells Inspection - solitary or multiple pedunculated nodules Palpation - fleshy consistency, pressure can > paraesthesia Remember - examine eyes, axilla, cranial nerves (esp CN8), BP Mx - surgical excision if malignant growth suspected Local regrowth common
Neurofibromatosis 1 (Von Recklinghausen’s)
- AD, Chr 17 - Cafe-au-lait spots (>6) - Freckling - Neurofibromas - Lisch nodules (iris)
Papilloma
Overgrowth of all layers of skin w a central vascular core Skin tag/fibroepithelial polyp Pedunculated, flesh coloured Mx - excision + diathermy to control bleeding
Pyogenic Granuloma
Epidermal lined cyst deep to skin Congenital / Inclusion Cysts - Developmental inclusion of epidermis along lines of skin fusion - Midline of neck and nose - Medial and lateral ends of eyebrows Acquired / Implantation Cyst - Implantation of epidermis in dermis - Often 2ndary to trauma (e.g. piercing)
Pyogenic Granuloma Inspection, palpation, Mx
Inspection Smooth spherical swelling Sites of embryological fusion Scar from recurrence Palpation Soft Non-tender Subcutaneous Mx Congenital - CT to establish extent - Surgical excision Acquired - Surgical excision
Dermatofibroma
Benign neoplasm of dermal fibroblasts INSPECTION - can occur anywhere, mostly lower limbs of young to middle aged women - small brown pigmented nodule Palpation - firm, woody feel - characteristic intradermal, mobile over deep tissue Mx - excision + histology DDx - malignancy, melanoma, BCC
Keratoma Acanthoma
Benign overgrowth of hair follicles Cytologically similar to well-differntiated SCCs Fast growing, dome shaped w keratin plug Intradermal Mx - regress w/i 6 weeks - excise to reduce scarring + obtain histology
Malignant Melanoma Features RF
F>M Features
Asymetry
Boarder: irregular
Colour: non-uniform
Diameter >6mm
Evolving / Elevation Risk Factors
Sunlight: esp. intense exposure in early years.
Fair skinned (low Fitzpatrick skin type)
↑ no. of common moles
+ve FH
↑ age
Immunosuppression
Melanoma Classification
Superficial Spreading: 80% Irregular boarders, colour variation Commonest in Caucasians Grow slowly, metastasise late = better prognosis Lentigo Maligna Melanoma Often elderly pts. Face or scalp Acral Lentiginous Asians/blacks Palms, soles, subungual (w Hutchinson’s sign) Nodular Melanoma All sites Younger age, new lesion Invade deeply and metastasis early = poor prog Amelanotic Atypical appearance → delayed Dx
Melanoma Staging + Prognosis
Breslow Depth Thickness of tumour to deepest point of dermal invasion
<1mm = >75% 5ys
>4mm = 50% 5ys Clark’s Staging
Stratifies depth by 5 anatomical levels
Stage 1: Epidermis
Stage 5: sc fat
Melanoma Staging Mx, common mets sight
Mx
Excision + 2O margin excision depending on Bres depth
± lymphadenectomy
± adjuvant chemo (may use isolated limb perfusion)
Melanoma Mets, poor prognostic indicators
Mets - liver, eye
Poor Prognosis - male - ^mitosis - Satellite lesions (lymphatic spread)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Ulcerated lesion w hard, raised everted edges Sun exposed areas
Causes - sun exposure, scalp face, ears, lower leg -
may arise in chronic ulcers - Marjolin’s ulcer -
xeroderma pigmentosa
Evolution Solar/actinic keratosis → Bowen’s → SCC Lymph node spread is rare Rx - excision + radiotherapy of affected nodes
Actinic Keratoses
Irregular crusty warty lesions. Pre-malignant (~1%/yr) Rx Cautery Cryo 5-FU Imiquimod Photodynamic phototherapy
Bowen’s Disease
Red/brown scaly plaques typically on legs of older women SCC in situ Rx Cautery Cryo 5-FU Imiquimod Photodynamic phototherapy