Superficial Lesions Flashcards

1
Q

Lipoma

A

Benign tumour of mature adipocytes Sarcomatous change probably doesn’t occur Liposarcomas arise denovo (older pts, deeper tissue of lower limbs) INSPECTION - anywhere fat can expand, not scalp or palms - including spermatic cord and submucosa Palpation - soft, subcutaneous, imprecise margin, fluctuant Mx - non-surgical, surgical excision

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2
Q

Lipoma associated diseases

A

Dercum’s Disease / Adiposis dolorosa - Multiple, painful lipomas - Assoc. peripheral neuropathy - Obese postmen women Familial Multiple Lipomatosis Madelung’s Disease Bannayan-Zonana Syndrome - Multiple lipomas - Macrocephaly - Haemangiomas

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3
Q

Sebaceous Cyst

A

Epithelial-lined cyst containing keratin histo subtypes 1. Epidermal Cyst - arise from hair follicle infundibulum 2. Trichilemmal cyst/wen - Arise from hair follicle epithelium - Often multiple - May be autosomal dominant Inspection - occur at sites of hair growth, not soles or palms - central punctum Palpation - firm, smooth, intradermal Mx - non-surgical Surgical Excision

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4
Q

Sebaceous Cyst complications Cock’s peculiar tumour Gardener’s syndrome

A

Complications - Infection: pus discharge - Ulceration - Calcification Cock’s Peculiar Tumour - Large ulcerating trichilemmal cyst on the scalp - Resemble an SCC Gardener’s Syndrome: FAP + - Thyroid tumours - Osteomas - Dental abnormalities - Epidermal cysts

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5
Q

Ganglion

A

Cystic swelling related to synovial lined structures - joint, tendon Myxoid degeneration of fibrous tissue Contain thick gelatinous material INSPECTION - can be found anywhere - 90% dorsum of hand or wrist Dorsumof ankle May be scar from recurrence Weakly transilluminable Palpation - soft, subcutaneous, may be tethered to tendon

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6
Q

Ganglion DDx, Mx

A

DDx - bursae - cystic protrusion from synovial cavity or arthritic joint Non-surgical - aspiration followed by 3 weeks of immobilisation Surgical excision - recurrence can be 50% - neurovascular damage

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7
Q

Seborrheic Keratosis

A

Benign hyperplasia of basal epithelial layer - hyperkeratosis: keratin layer thickening - acanthosis - prickle layer thickening Stuck on appearance dark brown greasy Non-surgical mx

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8
Q

Neurofibroma

A

Benign nerve sheath tumour arising from schwann cells Inspection - solitary or multiple pedunculated nodules Palpation - fleshy consistency, pressure can > paraesthesia Remember - examine eyes, axilla, cranial nerves (esp CN8), BP Mx - surgical excision if malignant growth suspected Local regrowth common

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9
Q

Neurofibromatosis 1 (Von Recklinghausen’s)

A
  • AD, Chr 17 - Cafe-au-lait spots (>6) - Freckling - Neurofibromas - Lisch nodules (iris)
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10
Q

Papilloma

A

Overgrowth of all layers of skin w a central vascular core Skin tag/fibroepithelial polyp Pedunculated, flesh coloured Mx - excision + diathermy to control bleeding

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11
Q

Pyogenic Granuloma

A

Epidermal lined cyst deep to skin Congenital / Inclusion Cysts - Developmental inclusion of epidermis along lines of skin fusion - Midline of neck and nose - Medial and lateral ends of eyebrows Acquired / Implantation Cyst - Implantation of epidermis in dermis - Often 2ndary to trauma (e.g. piercing)

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12
Q

Pyogenic Granuloma Inspection, palpation, Mx

A

Inspection Smooth spherical swelling Sites of embryological fusion Scar from recurrence Palpation Soft Non-tender Subcutaneous Mx Congenital - CT to establish extent - Surgical excision Acquired - Surgical excision

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13
Q

Dermatofibroma

A

Benign neoplasm of dermal fibroblasts INSPECTION - can occur anywhere, mostly lower limbs of young to middle aged women - small brown pigmented nodule Palpation - firm, woody feel - characteristic intradermal, mobile over deep tissue Mx - excision + histology DDx - malignancy, melanoma, BCC

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14
Q

Keratoma Acanthoma

A

Benign overgrowth of hair follicles Cytologically similar to well-differntiated SCCs Fast growing, dome shaped w keratin plug Intradermal Mx - regress w/i 6 weeks - excise to reduce scarring + obtain histology

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15
Q

Malignant Melanoma Features RF

A

F>M Features

 Asymetry

 Boarder: irregular

 Colour: non-uniform

 Diameter >6mm

 Evolving / Elevation Risk Factors

 Sunlight: esp. intense exposure in early years.

 Fair skinned (low Fitzpatrick skin type)

 ↑ no. of common moles

 +ve FH

 ↑ age

 Immunosuppression

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16
Q

Melanoma Classification

A

Superficial Spreading: 80%  Irregular boarders, colour variation  Commonest in Caucasians  Grow slowly, metastasise late = better prognosis Lentigo Maligna Melanoma  Often elderly pts.  Face or scalp Acral Lentiginous  Asians/blacks  Palms, soles, subungual (w Hutchinson’s sign) Nodular Melanoma  All sites  Younger age, new lesion  Invade deeply and metastasis early = poor prog Amelanotic  Atypical appearance → delayed Dx

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17
Q

Melanoma Staging + Prognosis

A

Breslow Depth  Thickness of tumour to deepest point of dermal invasion 

<1mm = >75% 5ys 

>4mm = 50% 5ys Clark’s Staging 

Stratifies depth by 5 anatomical levels 

Stage 1: Epidermis 

Stage 5: sc fat

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18
Q

Melanoma Staging Mx, common mets sight

A

Mx 

Excision + 2O margin excision depending on Bres depth 

± lymphadenectomy 

± adjuvant chemo (may use isolated limb perfusion)

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19
Q

Melanoma Mets, poor prognostic indicators

A

Mets - liver, eye

Poor Prognosis - male - ^mitosis - Satellite lesions (lymphatic spread)

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20
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

Ulcerated lesion w hard, raised everted edges Sun exposed areas

Causes - sun exposure, scalp face, ears, lower leg -

may arise in chronic ulcers - Marjolin’s ulcer -

xeroderma pigmentosa

Evolution Solar/actinic keratosis → Bowen’s → SCC  Lymph node spread is rare Rx - excision + radiotherapy of affected nodes

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21
Q

Actinic Keratoses

A

Irregular crusty warty lesions.  Pre-malignant (~1%/yr) Rx  Cautery  Cryo  5-FU  Imiquimod  Photodynamic phototherapy

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22
Q

Bowen’s Disease

A

Red/brown scaly plaques typically on legs of older women SCC in situ Rx  Cautery  Cryo  5-FU  Imiquimod  Photodynamic phototherapy

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23
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

Commonest ulcer Pearly nodule w rolled telangiectactic edge May ulcerate Typically on face in sun-exposed area - above line from tragus > angle of mouth  Low-grade malignancy → very rarely metastasise  Locally invasive Rx  Excision - Mohs: complete circumferential margin assessment using frozen section histology  Cryo/radio may be used.

24
Q

Neck Lumps Diagnosis

A

 85% of neck lumps are LNs: esp. if present < 3wks

 Infection: EBV, tonsillitis, HIV

 Ca: lymphoma or mets

 8% are goitres

 7% other: e.g. sebaceous cyst or lipoma

Ix triple assessment - clinical assessment - imaging US - cyto/histo - aspiration/biopsy

25
Q

Anterior Triangle Neck Lumps

A

 Ant. margin of SCM  Midline  Ramus of the mandible  Roof: investing fascia  Floor: pre-vertebral fascia

26
Q

Anterior Triangle Neck Lumps Causes

A

Pulsatile

 Carotid artery aneurysm

 Tortuous carotid artery

 Carotid body tumour (chemodectoma) Non-pulsatile

 Branchial cysts

 Laryngocele

 Goitre

 Parotid tumour (lump in postero-superior area)

27
Q

Branchial Cyst

A

Embryological remnant 2nd branchial cleft Presentation  Age <20yrs  Ant. margin of SCM at junction of upper and middle 3rd  May become infected → abscess  May be assoc. c¯ branchial fistula Path - lined by squamous epithelium - contain glary fluid w cholesteral crystals

28
Q

Branchial Cysts Rx

A

Rx

Med  Abx for infection

 Sclerotherapy w OK-432 can be used

Surgical excision  Definitive Rx  May be difficult due to proximity of carotids

29
Q

Branchial Sinus or Fistula

A

 Small opening in lower 3rd of neck on ant. margin of SCM  Between tonsillar fossa and ant. border of SCM  May discharge mucus

30
Q

Carotid Body Tumour

A

Chemodectoma - Very rare - Carotid Bodies > located at carotid bifurcation > detect pO2, pCO2, H+ Present

 Just anterior to upper 3rd of SCM.

 Pulsatile

 Move laterally but not vertically

 May be bilateral

 Pressure may → dizziness and syncope

 Mostly benign (5% malignant)

Ix: Doppler or angio: splaying of bifurcation

Rx: extirpation by a vascular surgeon

31
Q

Laryngocele

A

 Cystic dilatation of the laryngeal saccule  Congenital or acquired  Exacerbated by blowing

32
Q

Submandibular triangle

A

Mental process ramus of mandible line between two angles of mandible Causes of lumps  Salivary stone  Sialadenitis  Salivary tumour

33
Q

Posterior Triangle Neck lump

A

Post margin of SCM Ant Margin of trapezius Mid1/3 of clavicle Causes - LNs - Cervical Ribs - Pharyngeal pouch - Cystic hygromas - Pancoast’s tumour

34
Q

Cervical Ribs

A

Overdevelopment of transverse process of C7

Presentation  Mostly ASx

 Hard swelling

 ↓ radial pulse on abduction and external rotation of arm Can → vascular symptoms

 Compresses subclavian A

 Raynaud’s  Subclavian steal

 ↓ venous outflow → oedema Can → neurological symptoms  Compresses lower trunk of brachial plexus, T1 nerve root or stellate ganglion.

 Wasting of intrinsic hand muscles

 Paraesthesia along medial border of arm

35
Q

Pharyngeal Pouch - Zenker’s Diverticulum

A

Herniation of pharyngeal mucosa through its muscular coat at its weakest point.  Pulsion diverticulum Killian’s dehiscence - betw thyro and crico-pharyngeal muscles that form inferior constrictor

36
Q

Pharyngeal Pouch Presentation

A

 Swelling on left side of neck  Regurgitation and aspiration  Halitosis  Gurgling sounds  Food debris → pouch expansion → oesophageal compression → dysphagia. Ix: barium swallow Rx  Excision and cricopharyngeal myotomy  Endoscopic stapling

37
Q

Cystic Hygroma

A

Congenital multiloculated lymphangioma arising from the jugular lymph sac Presentation  Infants  Lower part of post. triangle but may extend to axilla.  ↑ in size when child coughs/cries  Transilluminates brilliantly Rx: excision or hypertonic saline sclerosant  May recur

38
Q

Midline Neck Lumps

A

<20yrs  Thyroglossal cyst  Dermoid cyst >20yrs  Thyroid isthmus mass  Ectopic thyroid tissue

39
Q

Dermoid Cyst

A

Developmental inclusion of epidermis along lines of skin fusion Presentation <20yrs Found at junctions of embryological fusion  Neck midline  Lateral angles of eyebrow  Under tongue Contains ectodermal elements  Hair follicles, sebaceous glands Rx - excision

40
Q

Thyroglossal cyst

A

Cyst formed from persistent thyroglossal duct  Path of thyroid descent from base of tongue Presentation Can be located anywhere between foramen caecum and the thyroid  Usually just inferior to the hyoid: subhyoid  Or, just above the hyoid: suprahyoid Fluctuant lump that moves up w tongue protrusion Can become infected → thyroglossal fistula Rx - Sistrunk’s Op - excision of cyst and thyroglossal duct

41
Q

Cervical Lymphadenopathy Features + examination

A

Key Features  Consistency  Number  Fixation  Symmetry  Tenderness Additional Examination  Face and scalp for infection or neoplasm  Chest exam: infection or neoplasm  Breast examination  Formal full ENT examination  Rest of reticuloendothelial system

42
Q

Cervical LN+ Hx, Causes

A

History Symptoms from the lumps  E.g. EtOH-induced pain General symptoms  Fever, malaise, wt. loss Systemic disease  PMH  Previous operations Social history  Ethnic origin  HIV risk factors Causes: LIST  Lymphoma and Leukaemia  Infection  Sarcoidosis  Tumours Infection >Bacterial  Tonsillitis, dental abscess  TB  Bartonella henselae (Cat scratch disease) >Viral  EBV  HIV > Protozoal  Toxoplasmosis

43
Q

Cervical LN+ Ix

A

Ix Blood  FBC, ESR, film (atypical lymphocytes)  TFTs, serum ACE  Monospot test, HIV test Radiological  US  CT scan Pathology  FNAC  Excision biopsy

44
Q

Hypertrophic + Keloid Scars

A

Scar more prominent than surrounding skin Wound Associations  Infection  Trauma  Burns  Tension  Certain body areas

45
Q

Hypertrophic Scar

A

 Scar confined to wound margins  Across flexor surfaces and skin creases  Appear soon after injury and regress spontaneously  Any age: commonly 8-20yrs  M=F  All races

46
Q

Keloid Scars

A

 Scar extends beyond wound margins  Earlobes, chin, neck, shoulder, chest  Appear months after injury and continue to grow  Puberty to 30yrs  F>M  Black and Hispanic

47
Q

Salivary Gland Enlargement Hx + Caues

A

History  Swelling/pain related to food: calculi  Malaise, fever, mumps  Dry eyes/mouth: Sjogrens (Sicca, Mickulicz) Causes Whole Gland  Parotitis  Sjogren’s / Sicca Syndrome  Sarcoid  Amyloid  ALL  Chronic liver disease  Anorexia or bulimia Localised > Tumours > Stones

48
Q

Acute Parotitis

A

Viral - Mumps, coxsackie A, HIV Bacterial - S aureus

49
Q

Calculi

A

Recurrent unilateral Swelling + pain worse on eating Red, tender, swollen gland (80% submandibular) Ix - plain XR or sialography Rx - gland excision

50
Q

Salivary gland neoplasms

A

80% in parotid 80% are pleomorphic adenomas Deflection of ear outwards - classic sign CNVII palsy - malignancy Classification Benign  1st: Pleiomorphic adenoma  2nd: Adenolymphoma (Warthin’s) Malignant (CN7 palsy + fast growing)  1st: Mucoepidermoid  2nd: Adenoid cystic Ix  ENT examination  US ± CT  FNAC

51
Q

Pleomorphic adenoma

A

commonest salivary gland neoplasm Presents - 90% occur in parotid > middle age F>M - benign slow growing Histo - different tissue types (pleomorphic) Rx - superficial parotidectomy

52
Q

Adenolymphoma (Warthin’s Tumour)

A

Benign soft cystic parotid tumour Older men Rx - enucleation

53
Q

Adenoid-cystic carcinoma

A

 One of the commonest malignant salivary tumours  Highly malignant and often incurable  Rapid growth  Hard fixed mass  Pain  Facial palsy

54
Q

Surgery Salivary gland swellings

A

 Superficial or radical parotidectomy  Facia lata face lift for facial palsy Complications -facial nerve palsy - salivary fistula frey’s syndrome

55
Q

Frey’s Syndrome

A

Gustatory sweating  Redness and sweating skin over parotid area  Occurs in relation to food (inc. thinking)  Auriculotemporal branch of CN V3 carries sympathetic fibres to sweat glands over parotid area and parasympathetic fibres to the parotid  Reinervation of divided sympathetic nerves by fibres from the secretomotor branch of auriculotemporal branch of CN V3

56
Q
A