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World 🌎 > Super Power Learning > Flashcards

Super Power Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Truly innovative thinking require broad ________________ knowledge

A

interdisciplinary

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2
Q

The four pillars of learning recorded by UNESCO in 1996 are ….

A
  1. Learning to know
  2. Learning to do
  3. Learning to live together
  4. Learning to be
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3
Q

The 3 main question of the science of learning is ….

A
  1. How can we motivate people to learn?
  2. How can we get people to remember information?
  3. And how can we help people apply that information in the future?
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4
Q

The human brain has a learning capacity of 2.5 petabytes & the world biggest library, the library of congress contains 1 petabyte of data.

In short your brain is never ______ . As long as you learn the right way you are always able to pick up more knowledge.

A

Full

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5
Q

More and more evidence shows we are not predisposed learners. Anyone can learn ________.

A

Anything

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6
Q

__________________ refers to our brains ability to form new pathways & recognized new kinds of pathways.

A

Neuroplasticity

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7
Q

The more information is stored by the brain the _______ it gets at learning, and the more capacious its memory becomes.

A

Faster

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8
Q

Is the brain more like a muscle or a computer?

A

Muscle

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9
Q

Is the brain more like a muscle or a computer?

A

Muscle

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10
Q

If you can align a new piece of information with ideas or memory’s that you already have then you are much more likely to ___________ that information.

A

remember

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11
Q

___________________ works by the stronger the network of previous knowledge the easier it is to assimilate new knowledge into the network.

A

Neuroplasticity

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12
Q

Showing that errors are a _______ part of the learning path, and correcting these errors without punishment we learn far more quickly.

A

natural

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13
Q

Consolidation is necessary for retaining information long term and occus best when we are _________.

A

sleeping

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14
Q

Consolidation occurs when knowledge or skill we have learned shifts from effortful processing to _______________ & automatic expertise.

A

unconscious

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15
Q

Consolidation occurs when knowledge or skill we have learned shifts from effortful processing to _________ & automatic expertise.

A

unconscious

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16
Q

Our dreams give us a whole new landscape of ___________, active engagement, error feedback.

Next time you are trying to learn something read it before bed you will thank yourself in the morning.

A

exploration

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17
Q

Tying knowledge to emotions makes us far more like to___________ it.

A

remember

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18
Q

Epilepsy patient Henry Molaison got his ______________ removed which cured him but prevented him from forming new memory’s.

A

Hippocampus

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19
Q

Repetition & reward _____________ turning short term memory’s into long term.

A

influence

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20
Q

__________ __________ is the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts. This type of memory is dependent upon three processes: acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval.

A

Explicit memory

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21
Q

Explicit memories are first stored in the _______________ as short term memories.

A

hippocampus

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22
Q

Short term memory’s in the hippocampus can become long-term memory’s stored in the ___________

A

neocortex

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23
Q

An __________ __________ is a memory of a specific event.

Because each person has a different perspective and experience of an event, memories of that event are unique to each person.

A

episodic memory

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24
Q

___________ __________ is a type of long-term memory involving the capacity to recall words, concepts, or numbers, which is essential for the use and understanding of language.

A

semantic memory

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25
Q

The hippocampus distills long-term semantic memories from episodic ones, when it recognizes the same neural pathways being ____________ activated.

This is because of the difference between episodic and semantic memory - memory of events and memory of facts.

A

repeatedly

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26
Q

A huge part of learning is the _____________ to do so

A

motivation

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27
Q

Two parts of the reward system that can encourage the hippocampus to encode information using two motivation tactics that we all understand - the _______ (the prefrontal cortex), and the __________ (the amygdala).

A

Carrot

&

Stick

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28
Q

The __________ is a tiny acorn-like bulb, sitting right next to the seahorse-shaped hippocampus.

This acorn has been behind every feeling of stress, fear and anxiety you’ve ever felt. The ___________ processes intense emotional stimuli.

A

amygdala

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29
Q

All it takes is a powerful ____________ association with an event and the hippocampus will ensure you don’t forget it in a hurry. “If you can dodge a wrench, you can dodge a ball.”

Of course, in reality we can create less extreme emotional responses than a fear of flying wrenches. When learning we can ______ ourselves a treat or a break until we get something right - this might have a similar, but altogether healthier, effect.

A

emotional

deny

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30
Q

______________ experience make memories stick in your brain

A

Emotional

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31
Q

The ____________ speeds up learning with stress hormones

A

amygdala

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32
Q

The ___________ _______ uses dopamine to reward goal-aligned actions.

A

prefrontal cortex

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33
Q

____________ is about pleasure and helps encode memories

A

Dopamine

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34
Q

Achieving goals releases dopamine, making memories ______.

A

stick

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35
Q

The 3 most important aspects of learning are …

A

motivation,

knowledge retention,

future transfer of knowledge ( expression )

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36
Q

In order not to forget information it should be revisited within __ hours of learning it to give it the best chance of being retained long term.

For after a mouth __ % of knowledge that is not engaged with is forgotten.

A

24 hours

90%

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37
Q
  1. Eddinghaus golden rule for overcoming the ___________ _______
  2. to embed knowledge in the long term memory is __________ __________.
  3. Which is to review material at increasingly ________ spaced out periods.

Ex. An hr, day, week, then month.

  1. This is called ___________ _________.
  2. By retrieving info that you’ve forgotten requires work and puts the info back through the _____________ ________ again.
A
  1. Forgetting curve
  2. Spaced retention
  3. Longer
  4. Expanding retrieval
  5. Consolidation process
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38
Q

Review for the forgetting curve

The Forgetting Curve shows we forget 90% of new info within a __________.

Most forgetting happens in the first few _____ after learning
Spaced repetition helps beat the Forgetting Curve by spreading out study sessions.

_________ ___________ helps beat the Forgetting Curve by spreading out study sessions

Self-testing with spaced practice boosts ________ and reveals weak spots

A

month

days

Spaced retention

memory

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39
Q

when the ______________ is varied, the information we take in is enriched, which slows down forgetting.

This, they asserted, is because the brain subtly associates what it is studying with the background sensations it has while learning.

A

environment

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40
Q

_________________ is a learning strategy that involves switching between topics and ideas in a short space of time.

It sounds counterintuitive but jumping between topics has been found to improve recall by about 40%.

Rather than getting you into a rhythm, it encourages you to stay conscious of what exactly it is you are learning. This sharpens your discrimination skills, and also helps you recall the information without warning - which should be the aim of any learning.

A

Interleaving

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41
Q

Interleaving works with material that relates as to form connection, but if its unrelated this can lead to confusion which can actually be a good thing.

Varying the conditions under which we learn makes learning harder but leads to better learning. This is because, when learning occurs under varied conditions, important ideas can be brought to mind in several different __________.

This leads learners to have a deeper understanding of the concepts themselves, rather than just viewing them within specific contexts. For example - you may not really understand what you’ve learned in your statistics class until you have to apply that learning to calculate a country’s GDP per capita for your geography homework.

A

contexts

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42
Q

Learning in Varied Contexts

Let’s recap…

  1. Studying in __________ rooms boosts memory retention.
  2. Interleaving topics improves __________ by about 40%.
  3. Mixing learning _________ sharpens your understanding.
  4. __________ learning conditions lead to deeper comprehension
A
  1. different
  2. recall
  3. contexts
  4. Varied
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43
Q

____________ involves walking away for a short amount of time whereas ______________ involves a longer absence from the content. However, both processes are great for problem-solving.

Incubation means setting aside a problem for a period of time to allow it to be processed unconsciously. This is a useful strategy for problems that, at their core, have a single solution that is not readily apparent.

Incubation is a fast-acting solution when you’re feeling stuck. It involves taking a short break to take a step back from a problem, and allowing your mind to wander. This can often be as simple as standing up and changing your physical position, going for a walk or doing the dishes, before coming back to a piece of work.

A

Incubation

percolation

44
Q

If we want to solve problems that are more complicated, we are going to need a more
intricate solution.

Often, learning a new area of study requires a set of ‘threshold concepts. These are the essentials necessary to understand the whole field. In order to establish threshold concepts, a significant amount of processing time is necessary.

We might need an hour, a day, a week, or even more to give our ideas room to breathe. This idea is called ______________.

One way to think about percolation is to think about a pour-over coffee filter. If you pour too much water into the filter it will overflow, and you’ll be left with a hot mess.

The way to get the perfect cup of coffee is to pour the water in a little at a time, allowing it to sink through, before you add a little more. Percolation requires longer breaks than incubation, but it is better for instilling totally new and complicated concepts.

A

percolation

45
Q

Techniques of the Memory Masters

Memory Champions and Mnemomnics

Let’s recap…

  1. Memory Athletes compete in events like ________ ________ & _________ __________________.
  2. ___________ groups info into smaller bits, like remembering ‘Roy G Biv’ for
    rainbow colors
  3. _______________ _________ uses silly images to link new info with what you already know
  4. Combining _________ in elaborative encoding helps remember multiple items at once
A
  1. Speed Cards & binary memorization
  2. Chunking
  3. Elaborative encoding
  4. images
46
Q

Techniques of the Memory Masters

Mind Palaces and Spatial Memory

Let’s recap…

  1. The Mind Palace technique links abstract info to familiar ______

2.____________ discovered the Mind Palace after a banquet disaster

3._____________ info in specific rooms boosts memory recall

  1. Memory athletes use ______ ___________ to memorize cards and numbers
A
  1. places
  2. Simonides
  3. Visualizing
  4. Mind Palaces
47
Q

How We Learn Socially -

Imitating, Collaborating, Storytelling

Albert Bandura and Social Learning

Let’s recap…

  1. Humans are unique because we learn by watching _________
  2. Babies focus on faces before objects, showing _________ learning starts early
  3. Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment showed kids imitate violence without ___________
  4. Bandura proved learning is _________, not just about rewards
A
  1. others
  2. social
  3. rewards
  4. social
48
Q

Who was Lev Vygotsky?

A

A Soviet psychologist.

49
Q

What is Lev Vygotsky most famous for?

A

His theory of the ‘zone of proximal development.’

50
Q

What does the ‘zone of proximal development’ refer to?

A

The area of knowledge that lies just beyond what a learner knows for sure.

51
Q

How can learners navigate this zone of proximal development?

A

They can usually figure it out with some assistance.

52
Q

What did Vygotsky believe was the optimal learning strategy?

A

Getting learners to explore the zone of proximal development with guidance.

53
Q

With ZPD who should provide the guidance?

A

People with greater mastery of the knowledge or skills.

54
Q

What can motivate learners to move from their current knowledge to the zone of proximal development, according to Vygotsky?

A

The motivation can come from teachers, peers, parents, or their own desire to improve.

55
Q

___________ suggests it is necessary for the entire human environment to be supportive and primed for learning.

A

Vygotsky

56
Q

Vygotsky illustrate his point with the example of a child learning math

Initially, a child may struggle to understand new math concepts, and while a good teacher helps, the presence of slightly more ____________ peers is also crucial.

A

advanced

57
Q

The child should be surrounded by classmates who have knowledge that falls within their zone of proximal development is the ideal according to ____ __________.

A

lev vygotsky

58
Q

What is informal learning?

A

Learning that happens outside of a formal classroom setting.

59
Q

How is informal learning different from formal learning?

A

Informal learning is collaborative and driven by the learner’s interests, while formal learning follows a structured curriculum.

60
Q

Can you give an example of informal learning?

A

A teacher asks students to find five interesting facts about the Vietnam War instead of memorizing facts for a test.

Example of informal learning activity.

61
Q

What is a key benefit of informal learning?

A

It allows learners to explore topics that interest them.

62
Q

Why do supporters of informal learning criticize formal assessments?

A

They believe that grading and testing can hinder learning, lower confidence, and decrease motivation, sometimes even leading to cheating.

63
Q

Why might cheating be less likely in informal learning?

A

Tasks like finding interesting facts don’t rely on grades, making it harder to cheat.

64
Q

Who wrote The Odyssey and The Iliad?

A

Homer

65
Q

When were these poems composed and when were they written down?

A

Composed around the 8th century BCE and written down in the 6th century BCE.

66
Q

How long were the poems passed down by memory?

A

Over 100 years.

67
Q

Storytellers like Homer have strong memories because the brain remembers ________ better than random facts.

A

stories

68
Q

How does evolution explain our memory for stories?

A

Stories helped people remember survival information, like safe paths.

69
Q

Why are stories easier to remember than facts?

A

Our brains naturally connect information in a story format.

70
Q

_______________ help us learn by making information more memorable by creating connections.

A

Storytelling

71
Q

What is our brain’s natural tendency with information?

A

To create stories from it.

72
Q

What learning methods tap into this tendency?

A

Using stories, metaphors, and narratives in learning.

73
Q

How does storytelling help in social learning?

A

It makes learning more memorable and understandable.

74
Q

What does cognitive neuroscience study?

A

Cognitive neuroscience studies how the brain and nervous system enable thinking, feeling, and acting.

75
Q

What areas does cognitive neuroscience examine?

A

It looks at memory, attention, language, emotions, and decision-making.

76
Q

How does cognitive neuroscience observe brain functions?

A

It often uses brain scans to observe activity during tasks.

77
Q

How We Learn Socially

  • Imitating, Collaborating, Storytelling, Communities of Practice -

Let’s recap…

A community of practice is a group of people who share a _________ and regularly use their knowledge

Guilds in medieval Europe were early examples of communities of _________.

A community of practice involves ________ practitioners, unlike a community of interest.

Online learning platforms can create virtual communities of __________.

A
  1. passion
  2. practice
  3. Active
  4. practice
78
Q

What is learning?

A

Learning is acquiring a skill.

79
Q

What is memory?

A

Memory is knowing you have a skill.

80
Q

What are the three processes of memory?

A

Memory works through encoding, storage, and retrieval.

81
Q

Generally what is the capacity of short-term memory?

A

Short-term memory holds 5 to 9 items for 15 to 30 seconds.

82
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

Long-term memory stores information for a long time, sometimes forever.

83
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Declarative memory is conscious and includes facts and events.

84
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Semantic memory is knowing facts like dates and names.

85
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Episodic memory is recalling personal events and experiences.

86
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Procedural memory is unconscious and includes skills like riding a bike.

87
Q

__________ helps improve perception by focusing on important details rather than distractions.

A

Attention

88
Q

Practicing tasks over and over helps the brain recognize and remember patterns, a process called __________.

A

Repetition

89
Q

Learning improves when you receive __________ on your performance, helping to correct mistakes.

A

Feedback

90
Q

Connecting new information to what you already know strengthens memory, known as __________.

A

Memory Association

91
Q

What can boost or hinder motivation in learning?

A

Emotions

92
Q

What does punishment for mistakes kill?

A

Curiosity

93
Q

Learning goals are about gaining what?

A

Skills

94
Q

What do performance goals limit?

A

Risk-taking and creativity

95
Q

How can emotions affect motivation in learning?

A

Emotions can boost or hinder motivation in learning.

96
Q

What is the impact of punishment for mistakes on learning?

A

Punishment for mistakes kills curiosity and confidence.

97
Q

What should learning goals focus on?

A

Learning goals are about gaining skills, not just grades.

98
Q

What do performance goals limit?

A

Performance goals limit risk-taking and creativity.

99
Q

What is the current status of the science of learning?

A

The science of learning is new and evolving.

100
Q

Is multitasking effective?

A

Multitasking is a myth; it slows us down.

101
Q

How can intentional self-interruption affect memory?

A

Intentional self-interruption can boost memory.

102
Q

What does the Zeigarnik effect demonstrate?

A

The Zeigarnik effect shows we remember unfinished tasks better.

103
Q

Do learning styles improve educational outcomes?

A

No, learning styles don’t improve educational outcomes.

104
Q

What should teaching methods match?

A

Teaching methods should match the topic, not the learner.

105
Q

Do brain sides dictate learning abilities?

A

No, brain sides don’t dictate learning abilities.

106
Q

What shapes thinking more than brain anatomy?

A

Experience shapes thinking more than brain anatomy.

107
Q

A schema helps in learning by organizing __________ and allowing the brain to quickly recognize and process similar __________ based on past experiences.

A

• information
• patterns

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