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Prod331 > Suncare > Flashcards

Suncare Flashcards

1
Q

What is UV?

A

Electromagnetic radiation produced by very hot objects like the sun

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2
Q

What are the wavelengths that UV occurs in?

A

10nm to 400nm, between visible light and x-rays

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3
Q

How much of the total electromagnetic radiation from the sun is UV radiation?

A

10%

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4
Q

Which types of UV are blocked, or reduce the the atmospheric layers?

A

UVC is blocked and UVB is reduced

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5
Q

What is UVC used for

A

Used for sterilising things.

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6
Q

What does UVA do to the skin

A

Causes tanning and ageing to the skin

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7
Q

What does UVB do to the skin

A

Causes burning

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8
Q

How do UV rays effect the skin

A

Cause DNA damage by oxidation

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9
Q

Which UV rays cause cancer?

A

Both UV rays cause cancer, UVC is the most carcinogenic, however it is filtered out by the ozone layer

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10
Q

What are the uses of UV?

A

Water sterilisation, crime scene investigation, gem and mineral inspection, document verification.

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11
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A

Stratum corner, stratum lucid, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

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12
Q

What are the functions of melanocytes?

A

Produce pigment called melanin, causing differing darkness in skin

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13
Q

What is keratin?

A

A protein

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14
Q

What part of the body does UV affect?

A

UV affects the skin, UVA penetrates the skin all the way,, UVB only penetrates the skin to the dermis

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15
Q

What is sunburn?

A

Sunburn is an inflammatory response in the tissue triggered by direct DNA damage by UV radiation. When the cells BDA is overly damaged by UV radiation apoptosis is triggered and the tissue is replaced.

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16
Q

What are the benefits of UV to the skin?

A

Vitamin D production is catalysed by UV light, treats some skin condition and reduced the severity of depression

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17
Q

What is melanin?

A

Melanin is a broad term for a group of natural pigments found in most organisms. Melanin is produced through a multistage chemical process known as melanogenesis, where oxidation of the amino acid tyrosine is followed by polymerization.

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18
Q

Where are melaninocytes found?

A

In the basal layer of the epidermis, the stratum basale, branching out between the keratinocytes in the superbasal layers

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19
Q

How does melaninocytes change the colour of skin?

A

Melaninocytes are found in equal amount in both white and black skin, however, in black skin they produce more melanin. The difference in skin colour is a result of the difference in melanin and the size of the melanin ‘packets’ that each melaninocyte makes. People with darker skin are much less likely to be damaged by UV light

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20
Q

Describe the process of sunburn

A

When the skin is exposed to UV radiation, melaninocytes send more melanin to the surface of the skin. Melanin directly absorbs the UV rays and attempts to prevent the skin from burning. As more melanin accumulates the skin tans or freckles. Sunburn occurs when skin cannot produce melanin quickly enough to prevent UV rays from injuring blood vessels close to the skins surface.

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21
Q

What is a mole?

A

A cluster of melaninocytes that appear as a pigmented spot on the skin

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22
Q

What is the first sign of melanoma?

A

Change in size, shape or colour of a mole, or the appearance of a new mole in adulthood

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23
Q

How much does skin cancer account for New Zealand’s total cancer every year?

A

80%

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24
Q

How serious is melanoma?

A

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer, in can spread rapidly and can be life threatening if left untreated.

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25
Q

How does melanoma affect Maori and pacific people?

A

They have a much lower chance of getting melanoma but often have thicker more serious melanoma

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26
Q

What are the ABCDEFG’s of melanoma?

A

A- Asymmetry, B- border, C- colour, D- diameter, E- elevation. F- firm, G- growing

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27
Q

What kind of approach are sunscreens?

A

Sunscreens represent a practical approach to photo protection, sunscreen ingredients are usually referred to as UV filters and are active ingredients

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28
Q

What are some concerns with sunscreen in NZ

A

Before march of 2022, there were no action to have regulations for sunscreen, from march 2022 new laws will come in regulating them

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29
Q

What effect do chemical blockers have on the environment?

A

Studies show that some chemical blockers are toxic to coral and potentially harmful to other aquatic organisms

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30
Q

What is SPF?

A

A measure to indicate how long it takes for UV rays to redden protected skin compared to unprotected skin. SPF is only an indication of UVB

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31
Q

What is the issue with SPF?

A

As the SPF is determined from the test that measures protection against sunburn caused by UVB radiation, SPF values inly indicate a sunscreen’s UVB protection.

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32
Q

How much sunscreen should be used across the whole body according to FDA standard dose?

A

30g for the whole body, this is a shot glass

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33
Q

What are sunscreens in the US required to have on their packaging?

A

An SPF value

34
Q

What is the issue with SPF representing a unit of time?

A

SPF is not directly related to the time but to the amount of exposure , the amount of solar energy is dependantt on other factors as well as time.

35
Q

What factors influence the amount of UV?

A

Geography, altitude, time of the year, time of the day, weather conditions, reflection, skin type, the amount of sunscreen.

36
Q

What are sunscreens classed as in America?

A

Over the counter drugs

37
Q

What are after sun products classed as in America?

A

Cosmetics

38
Q

What are sunscreens classed as in America?

A

Over the counter drugs

39
Q

What are after sun products classed as in America?

A

Cosmetics

40
Q

What does melanin production signal?

A

That the DNA damage has already occurred, it is the body imperfect attempt to protect the skin from further damage.

41
Q

What is PA?

A

PA is a rating system designed in Japan as a method of informing sunscreen on protection against UVA

42
Q

What is the PA rating system scale?

A

PA+=Some protection, PA++=Moderate protection, PA+++=High protection, PA++++=Extremely high protection, this is against UVA

43
Q

What is PPD?

A

PPD correlated with ‘persistent pigment darkening’ if your product has a pod of 2 then it takes twice as long for your skin to tan when protected vs how long it would take while unprotected.

44
Q

What are the correlations between PA and PPD?

A

PA+=PPD 2-4. PA++=PPD 4-8, PA+++=PPD8-16, PA++++=PPD 16 or higher

45
Q

What are primary sunscreens?

A

Main purpose is provide photoreceptor for the skin

46
Q

What are secondary sunscreens?

A

Other primary purpose but include sun protection, makeup, foundation

47
Q

What are after sun products?

A

Designed to be used after exposure after sunbathing even without redness, skin cate is recommend, moistuize the skin and cooling effect, relieve pain

48
Q

What is broad spectrum protection?

A

Protection against both UVA and UVB rays?

49
Q

Why is water resistant sunscreen needed?

A

Sweating, swimming and other water exposure can reduce the efficacy of sunscreens by rubbing them off the skin

50
Q

What is the highest SPF rating?

A

SPF 50+

51
Q

Can you have waterproof sunscreen according to the FDA?

A

No

52
Q

What are consumer needs from a sunscreen?

A

Provide protection against both UVA and UVB, allow some tanning, water resistant, non doors, non sticky, non staining for clothing, pleasant feeling during and after application, quick drying time and absorption, easy spreadability, user freindly (encourage frequent application) non toxic, non irritant, no sensitising

53
Q

What are technical requirement from a sunscreen?

A

Proven efficacy, long term stability, appropriate texture, appropriate rheological properties, stability to heat & UV radiation, dermatological safety

54
Q

What are the two sunscreen agents?

A

Chemical and Physical

55
Q

Describe how chemical sunscreens work?

A

The structure us responsible for absorbing UV energy, excitation, return to ground state, energy released as heat, penetrate through skin, lipophilic

56
Q

Describe how physical sunscreens work?

A

Depends on their refractive index, scatter light (particle size), 250nm is very effectvive at scattering visible light (TiO2 of this particle size is most widely used white pigment)

57
Q

Describe the difference between organic and inorganic pigments in sunscreen

A

Inorganics have several benefits over organics, in that they are capable of absorbing over a broad spectrum of wavelengths and they are mild and non-irratant

58
Q

Which active (chemical or physical provide the best protection?)

A

A mixture of both

59
Q

What are the disadvantages of a physical sunscreens?

A

They cn generally leave an opaque white look on the skin, they can be difficult to disperse and nanoparticles are very controversial

60
Q

What are the disadvantages of chemical sunscreens?

A

Can cause allergic reactions, can cause photosensitivity, combinations of chemical filters may be required.

61
Q

What are the difference between physical bocks and physical filters?

A

Physical blocks have mineral molecules of 200-400 micrometers, physical filters have mineral molecules at the scale of 15-100nm

62
Q

What does GRASE stand for?

A

Generally regarded as safe and effective

63
Q

What are the additional ingredients in sunscreen

A

Waterproofing agents, photostabilizers, emollients, water, elusifiers, thickeners, film forming ingredients, preservatives, humectants, chelating agents, propellants, additional ingredients

64
Q

What function do water proofing agents have in sunscreen?

A

O/W emulsions, need waterproofing to make sure they stay on the body

65
Q

What function do photostabilizers have in sunscreen?

A

Prevent degradation of UV filters

66
Q

What function do emollients have in sunscreen?

A

Lipophilic and help water resistance, solvent for organic sunscreens

67
Q

What function does water have in sunscreen?

A

Essentail for O/W and W/O emulsions and gels

68
Q

What function do emulsifiers have in sunscreen?

A

Stability

69
Q

What function do thickeners have in sunscreen?

A

Rheology modifiers in the formulation

70
Q

What function do film forming ingredients have in sunscreen?

A

Helps form an even and uniform film on the skin after application and drying

71
Q

What function do preservatives have in sunscreen?

A

Necessary when water is present in the formulation, lipophilic and help water resistance, solvent for organic sunscreens

72
Q

What function do humectants have in sunscreen?

A

Moisturisation

73
Q

What function do chelating agents have in sunscreen?

A

Contribute to the stability of the system by forming complexes with metal ions

74
Q

What function do propellants have in sunscreen?

A

Essential in aresol

75
Q

Why are antioxidants incorporated into sunscreens?

A

Free radical production is increased by UV radiation and causes damage to DNA and proteins, antioxidants inhibit the production of free radicals by direct scavenging or bt decreasing the amount of oxidants around the cells

76
Q

What is the most powerful known lip-soluble antioxidant?

A

Vitamin E

77
Q

What are different sunscreen forms?

A

Emulsions, sticks, aerosol sprays, ointments and oils, gels, wipes, and cosmetic containing SPF

78
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of O/W vs W/O emulsions?

A

O/W has no greasy feel, but can be removed with bathing sweat and friction, W/O has high power of protection against UV and can reduce TEWL, but has a greasy feel

79
Q

What is UPF?

A

Ultra violet protection factor, calculates the effectiveness of fabrics against solar UVR specturm

80
Q

What makes the difference between fabrics against UV protection?

A

The weave of the fabric

81
Q

What should you consider when looking at fabrics for UV protection?

A

How much skin is covered, colour of the fabric (darker often offer more protection), Getting wet (wet clothing, less protection), condition (faded fabrics, less protection

Prod331 (6 decks)

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