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prod331 > Agrochemicals Formulations > Flashcards

Agrochemicals Formulations Flashcards

1
Q

What are agrochemicals?

A

Chemical products or pesticides used in agriculture

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2
Q

Why do we use agrochemicals?

A

Have been used for many years to increase yeild and improve the quality of food and fibre corps and to improve public health all over the world

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3
Q

How many additional people will there be in the world by 2050?

A

2 billion

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4
Q

Why does the amount of people on the planet affect the agriculture industry?

A

More people means more space needed for them to live, means less space for agriculture

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5
Q

What industry uses the largest amount of earth?

A

Agriculture industry

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6
Q

What is the key for agricultural formulation?

A

To use actives more intellegently

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7
Q

How much agrochemical is used to be effective?

A

Several grams to hundreds of grams of active ingredient per 1000m2

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8
Q

What is the active ingredient first formulated with in agrochemicals?

A

A sutable diltant like water or organic solvent, when the formulation is applied it is further diluted in the spray tank

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9
Q

Why are agrochemicals further diluted in the spray tank?

A

To ensure uniform deposition upon spraying

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10
Q

What is the main purpose of agrochemicals?

A

To make the handling and application of active ingredient as easy as possible

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11
Q

How is it making the handling and application of agrochemicals easy achieved?

A

Physical charecteristcs and use of adjuvants

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12
Q

Why is ease of handling and application important?

A

So they are safe for the crop and the worker

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13
Q

What are the major types of pesticide formulation?

A

Granules GR, Solution concentrates SL, Emulsifiable concentrates EC, Wettable powders WP, Suspension concentrates SC, O/W emulsions EW, Suspoemulsions SE, Microemulsions ME, Water dispersible granules WG, Microcapsules CS, Seed treatments DS, WS, LS, FS

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14
Q

What has to first be determined when deciding on the type of formulation?

A

The water insolubility and the physical properties of the agrochemical

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15
Q

What are agrochemical actives designed to do?

A

Designed to accomplish the indended effect, obtain the fullest biological efficacy while minimising various harmful effects

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16
Q

What are the main factors which need to be taken into account when choosing the a formulation?

A

Physio-chemical properties, biological activity and mode of action, method of application, safety in use, formulation costs, market prefrence

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17
Q

What was one of the earliest types of formulation for agrochemicals?

A

Wettable powders

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18
Q

What are wettable powders suitable for?

A

Formulating solid water insoluble compoinsa that can be produced in a powder form

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19
Q

What did we make in the lab?

A

Wettable powders

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20
Q

What is the colour in wettable powders for?

A

To make the powder visable and deter away, visual cue, to show what has and Hans been done

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21
Q

What does wettable powder use?

A

China clay or special sand

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22
Q

What are emulsifiable concentrates EC?

A

When added to water produce an O/W emulsion either spontaneously or by gentle agitation

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23
Q

What needs to be calculated for spontaneous emulsification to work?

A

Interfacial tension

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24
Q

How are EC formulated?

A

Mostly by trial and error approach

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25
Q

What are disadvantages to EC?

A

Organic solvents are used in their formulation and therefore they are potentially flammable and show skin toxicity

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26
Q

What are the advantages of O/W emulsions (EW) over ECs?

A

EW can reduce the amount of oil in the formulation, they produce less hazard top the operator, reducing skin irritation.

27
Q

What is the range gf HLB?

A

3-18

28
Q

What is in the 3-6 HLB range?

A

W/O emulsifier

29
Q

What is in the 7-9 HLB range?

A

Wetting agent

30
Q

What is in the 8-18 HLB range?

A

O/W emulsifier

31
Q

What is in the 13-15 HLB range?

A

Detergent

32
Q

What is in the 15-18 HLB range?

A

Solubilizer

33
Q

What are suspension concentrates SC?

A

Agrochemicals as dispersions of solid in aqueous soloution

34
Q

What are the advantages of SC?

A

Control particle size by the milling conditions and choice of dispersion agent, incorporate hight concentrateions of surfactant for enhancing wetting, spreading and penetration

35
Q

What are the disadvantages of SC? How is this combatted?

A

Since the density of particles is usually heavier than the medium (water) SC tend to seperate, sedementation. The sedimented particles tend to form a compact later at the bottom of the container which is hard to disperses. . It is essential to reduce this by incorporating an anti-settling agent

36
Q

How are SCs usually formulated?

A

Using a wet milling process

37
Q

What should a good dispersing agent do?

A

Be a good wetting agent for agrochemical powder, be a good dispersing agent to break up aggmilerates into small units, profuse good stability in the colloid sense,

38
Q

What are oil based suspensions mainly used for?

A

Agrochemicals that are chemically unstable in aqueous media

39
Q

What does using oils in an oil based suspension do?

A

May enhance the biological efficacy of the active ingredient

40
Q

What is the most important criterion for the oil in oil based suspension?

A

Have the minimum solubility of the active ingredient, otherwise Ostwald ripening or crystal growth will occur on storage

41
Q

What can the surfactant used for self emulsification not interfere with in oil based suspensions

A

The dispersing agent that is used to stabilised the suspension particles in the non-aqueous media

42
Q

What are suspoemulsions?

A

Mixture of suspension and emulzionthat are applied in many agrochemical formulations whereby two active ingredients are formulated with one as an aqueous susmension and the other as an oil/water emulsion

43
Q

What are the two main types of suspoemulsions?

A
  1. Solid particles and emulsion droplets remain as seperate entities 2. solid particles are dispersed in the oil droplets
44
Q

What are the 7 advantages of controlled release systemrs?

A
  1. Improvement of residual activity 2. Reduction of application dosage 3. Stabilisation of the core active ingredient against environmental degradation 4. Reduction of mammalian toxicity by reducing worker exposure 5. Reduction of phytotoxicity 6, Reduction of fish toxicity 7. Reduction of environmental pollution
45
Q

How is microencapsulation of agrochemicals carried out?

A

By interfacial condensation, in situ polymerisation and coacervation

46
Q

Which Is the most widely used method for encapsulation in industry?

A

Interfacial condensation

47
Q

Describe the process of encapsulation by interfacial condensation

A

The active ingredient, which may be oil soluble, dispersible or an oil itself, is first emulsified in water unsing a surfactant or polymer. Agydrophobic monomer is placed in the oil phase and a hydrophilic monomer is placed in the aqueous phase

48
Q

What needs to happen in the agriculture industry to meet sustable development?

A

Agriculture porduction needs to increase and the pollution and green house gas emissions decreased

49
Q

What is scale up?

A

The process of safely and efficiently utilising a process to increase the batch size of the product

50
Q

What does scale up usually involve?

A

The increase in physical mass of a product such as when increasing from a bench top size unit to few hundred grams to a pilot scale of several kg

51
Q

What can make scale up go smoothly?

A

When approaching methodically with the proper tools foresight and attention

52
Q

What are some key considerations when scaling up?

A

Process design, including QbD principles (quality by design), equipment and facilities consideration and limitation, raw materials, regulatory considerations

53
Q

What does successful scale up need?

A

A combination of prior knowledge, process design processes and common sense

54
Q

What are QbD principles?

A

Important aspects of the scale up and process development, not following basic QpD principles will not be an option in the future

55
Q

When is compliance to QbD necessary?

A

Not during bench top formulation work, however it its important to begin using it as soon as possible and certainly by the time the process is introduced to pilot scale

56
Q

What is essential in process design

A

An established framework of administrative and supportive systems is essential, these systems should have a basis in cGMP

57
Q

What are SOP?

A

Standard operating procedures, these can be found next to instruments in the lab, can be an instrument or a process

58
Q

When to scale up?

A

Scale up is largely an issue of economics, generally the scale up is 10 times or less from pilot to the commercial scale

59
Q

What is QbD defined as?

A

A systematic approach to process development, it starts with a set of predetermined objectives. It is scientifically based and incorporates risk management to enable optimum time and resource allocation to product development and scale up.

60
Q

What does TPP stand for?

A

Target product profile

61
Q

What is TPP defined as?

A

A format for a summary of a drug development program described in terms of labelling concepts

62
Q

What is process mapping?

A

The first set in risk management, mapping the process and breaking up the overall process into smaller more manageable focus areas. For each area, process inputs parameters as well as quality attributes are identified and listed

63
Q

What is the first step in formulating a agrochemical?

A

Consider the solubility profile of the active ingredient, is it water soluble? Non-polar? Gas?

64
Q

What is the second step in formulating agrochemicals?

A

Consider the physical form of the active ingredient, is it a solid or liquid at ambient conditions

prod331 (6 decks)

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