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chemistry > summer work: moles I, organic I, and group 7 > Flashcards

summer work: moles I, organic I, and group 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what is RFM?

A

relative formula mass; the relative atomic mases of the elements in the formula added up

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2
Q

what is the RFM of water?

A

rfm= (2xH) + (1xO)
rfm=(2x1) + 16
rfm=2+16
rfm=18

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3
Q

what is percentage by mass?

A

shows the mass of a substance that comes from a particular element

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4
Q

what is the percentage of H in H2O

A

%H=[(2xH)/(2xh+O)] x100
%H=[(2x1)/(2x1+16)] x100
%H=[2/(2+16)] x100
%H=[2/18] x100
%H=11.11111….
%H=11

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5
Q

what is a mole?

A

the measure of amount of substance

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6
Q

what is the formula for moles relating to Mr and mass?

A

mass = Mr x moles

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7
Q

what is the empirical formula?

A

the simplest mole ratio of a substance

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8
Q

what is the molecular formula?

A

the actual number of atoms in a molecule

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9
Q

if the empirical formula is CH2 and the RFM is 70, what is the molecular formula?

A

rfm of CH2 = 14
70/14=5
molecular = 5 x CH2 = C5H10

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10
Q

what is crude oil?

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons

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11
Q

what is a hydrocarbon?

A

compounds of hydrogen and carbon only

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12
Q

what is a fraction?

A

a mixture of similar hydrocarbons with similar boiling points

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13
Q

as the boiling points increase, do fractions become darker or lighter?

A

darker

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14
Q

as the boiling points increase, do fractions get more or less viscous?

A

more

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15
Q

what is the order of fractions by boiling point (low to high)

A

refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, bitumen

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16
Q

what is the use for refinery gases?

A

fuel for home cooking

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17
Q

what is the use for gasoline?

A

fuel for cars

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18
Q

what is the use for kerosene?

A

fuel for aircrafts

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19
Q

what is the use for diesel?

A

fuel for trains

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20
Q

what is the use for fuel oil?

A

fuel for ships

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21
Q

what is the use for bitumen?

A

making roads

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22
Q

how does fractional distillation work?

A
  1. heated crude oil vapours enter the column
  2. vapours rise until they reach their boiling points, when they condense
  3. different vapours condense at different heights due to their different boiling points
  4. similar vapours condense together as a fraction
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23
Q

where is the fractionating column hottest?

A

at the bottom

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24
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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25
what is the formula for methane?
CH4
26
what is the formula for ethane?
C2H6
27
what is the formula for propane?
C3H8
28
what is the formula for butane?
C4H10
29
what is the formula for pentane?
C5H12
30
what is a homologous series?
a family of molecules that have similar chemical reactions, trends in physical properties, the same general formula
31
what are isomers?
molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
32
what is the equation for complete combustion of an alkane?
alkane + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water
33
what is produced in incomplete combustion of an alkane?
carbon monoxide (a toxic gas), and soot which causes lung disease
34
what 3 pollutants are produced from the combustion of alkanes?
carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides
35
what is cracking?
breaking down longer alkanes into smaller, more useful ones
36
what temperature is needed for cracking?
650 degrees celcius
37
what is the catalyst for cracking?
aluminium oxide
38
what does cracking always produce?
longer alkane --> shorter alkane + alkene
39
what is the formula for ethene?
C2H4
40
what is the formula for propene?
C3H6
41
what is the formula for butene?
C4H8
42
what is the formula for pentene?
C5H10
43
are alkanes saturated?
yes, because they don't have c=c double bond
44
are alkenes saturated?
no, because they have a c=c double bond
45
what happens when alkenes react with bromine?
the c=c double bond breaks and each carbon atom bonds with a bromine atom
46
what type of reaction is it when bromine reacts with an alkene?
addition
47
what do alkanes need to react with bromine
uv light
48
how is bromine used to test for c=c double bonds?
react the hydrocarbon with Br2(aq) if it stays orange, there is no c=c so the hydrocarbon is saturated if it turns colourless, there is a c=c so it is unsaturated
49
what is an addition polymer?
it forms when molecules with a c=c double bond add into chains
50
what are the small molecules that add together in addition polymers called?
monomers
51
how is the name of an addition polymer formed?
by putting poly in front of the monomer (e.g. if ethene is the monomer, the polymer would be poly(ethene) )
52
what is the use for poly(ethene)?
drinks bottles, shopping bags
53
what is the use for poly(propene)?
storage boxes, climbing ropes
54
what is the use for poly(chloroethene)
wire insulation, drain pipes
55
what is the use for poly(tetrafluoroethene)?
non-stick coating
56
what are the options for disposal of an unwanted addition polymer?
- reuse it, or give it to someone who will - recycle it - incinerate it, and used the energy released to generate electricity - chuck it onto landfill, and hope it goes away
57
what are group 7 called?
halogens
58
do the colours get lighter or darker down the group in halogens?
darker
59
does the boiling point increase or decrease going down the group in halogens?
increase
60
what colour is fluorine?
very pale yellow
61
what colour is chlorine?
pale green
62
what colour is bromine?
brown
63
what colour is iodine?
dark grey
64
what colour is astatine?
black
65
what happens when halogens react with metals?
they form ionic compounds
66
do halogens get more or less reactive down the group?
less reactive
67
why are halogens less reactive down the group?
they all need to gain one electron which is more difficult to do with more shells because the incoming electron is further away from the nucleus so the attraction to the nucleus is weaker so it is less reactive
68
how do you test for chlorine?
damp blue litmus paper turns white
69
what colour is aqueous chlorine?
colourless
70
what colour is aqueous bromine?
yellow
71
what colour is aqueous iodine?
brown
72
what colour is KCl?
colourless
73
what colour is KBr?
colourless
74
what colour is KI?
colourless
75
what type of reaction are all halogen reactions?
redox reactions

chemistry (6 decks)

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