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chemistry > summer work: moles I, organic I, and group 7 > Flashcards

summer work: moles I, organic I, and group 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is RFM?

A

relative formula mass; the relative atomic mases of the elements in the formula added up

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2
Q

what is the RFM of water?

A

rfm= (2xH) + (1xO)
rfm=(2x1) + 16
rfm=2+16
rfm=18

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3
Q

what is percentage by mass?

A

shows the mass of a substance that comes from a particular element

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4
Q

what is the percentage of H in H2O

A

%H=[(2xH)/(2xh+O)] x100
%H=[(2x1)/(2x1+16)] x100
%H=[2/(2+16)] x100
%H=[2/18] x100
%H=11.11111….
%H=11

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5
Q

what is a mole?

A

the measure of amount of substance

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6
Q

what is the formula for moles relating to Mr and mass?

A

mass = Mr x moles

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7
Q

what is the empirical formula?

A

the simplest mole ratio of a substance

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8
Q

what is the molecular formula?

A

the actual number of atoms in a molecule

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9
Q

if the empirical formula is CH2 and the RFM is 70, what is the molecular formula?

A

rfm of CH2 = 14
70/14=5
molecular = 5 x CH2 = C5H10

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10
Q

what is crude oil?

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons

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11
Q

what is a hydrocarbon?

A

compounds of hydrogen and carbon only

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12
Q

what is a fraction?

A

a mixture of similar hydrocarbons with similar boiling points

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13
Q

as the boiling points increase, do fractions become darker or lighter?

A

darker

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14
Q

as the boiling points increase, do fractions get more or less viscous?

A

more

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15
Q

what is the order of fractions by boiling point (low to high)

A

refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, bitumen

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16
Q

what is the use for refinery gases?

A

fuel for home cooking

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17
Q

what is the use for gasoline?

A

fuel for cars

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18
Q

what is the use for kerosene?

A

fuel for aircrafts

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19
Q

what is the use for diesel?

A

fuel for trains

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20
Q

what is the use for fuel oil?

A

fuel for ships

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21
Q

what is the use for bitumen?

A

making roads

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22
Q

how does fractional distillation work?

A
  1. heated crude oil vapours enter the column
  2. vapours rise until they reach their boiling points, when they condense
  3. different vapours condense at different heights due to their different boiling points
  4. similar vapours condense together as a fraction
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23
Q

where is the fractionating column hottest?

A

at the bottom

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24
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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25
Q

what is the formula for methane?

A

CH4

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26
Q

what is the formula for ethane?

A

C2H6

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27
Q

what is the formula for propane?

A

C3H8

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28
Q

what is the formula for butane?

A

C4H10

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29
Q

what is the formula for pentane?

A

C5H12

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30
Q

what is a homologous series?

A

a family of molecules that have similar chemical reactions, trends in physical properties, the same general formula

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31
Q

what are isomers?

A

molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

32
Q

what is the equation for complete combustion of an alkane?

A

alkane + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

33
Q

what is produced in incomplete combustion of an alkane?

A

carbon monoxide (a toxic gas), and soot which causes lung disease

34
Q

what 3 pollutants are produced from the combustion of alkanes?

A

carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides

35
Q

what is cracking?

A

breaking down longer alkanes into smaller, more useful ones

36
Q

what temperature is needed for cracking?

A

650 degrees celcius

37
Q

what is the catalyst for cracking?

A

aluminium oxide

38
Q

what does cracking always produce?

A

longer alkane –> shorter alkane + alkene

39
Q

what is the formula for ethene?

A

C2H4

40
Q

what is the formula for propene?

A

C3H6

41
Q

what is the formula for butene?

A

C4H8

42
Q

what is the formula for pentene?

A

C5H10

43
Q

are alkanes saturated?

A

yes, because they don’t have c=c double bond

44
Q

are alkenes saturated?

A

no, because they have a c=c double bond

45
Q

what happens when alkenes react with bromine?

A

the c=c double bond breaks and each carbon atom bonds with a bromine atom

46
Q

what type of reaction is it when bromine reacts with an alkene?

A

addition

47
Q

what do alkanes need to react with bromine

A

uv light

48
Q

how is bromine used to test for c=c double bonds?

A

react the hydrocarbon with Br2(aq)
if it stays orange, there is no c=c so the hydrocarbon is saturated
if it turns colourless, there is a c=c so it is unsaturated

49
Q

what is an addition polymer?

A

it forms when molecules with a c=c double bond add into chains

50
Q

what are the small molecules that add together in addition polymers called?

A

monomers

51
Q

how is the name of an addition polymer formed?

A

by putting poly in front of the monomer (e.g. if ethene is the monomer, the polymer would be poly(ethene) )

52
Q

what is the use for poly(ethene)?

A

drinks bottles, shopping bags

53
Q

what is the use for poly(propene)?

A

storage boxes, climbing ropes

54
Q

what is the use for poly(chloroethene)

A

wire insulation, drain pipes

55
Q

what is the use for poly(tetrafluoroethene)?

A

non-stick coating

56
Q

what are the options for disposal of an unwanted addition polymer?

A
  • reuse it, or give it to someone who will
  • recycle it
  • incinerate it, and used the energy released to generate electricity
  • chuck it onto landfill, and hope it goes away
57
Q

what are group 7 called?

A

halogens

58
Q

do the colours get lighter or darker down the group in halogens?

A

darker

59
Q

does the boiling point increase or decrease going down the group in halogens?

A

increase

60
Q

what colour is fluorine?

A

very pale yellow

61
Q

what colour is chlorine?

A

pale green

62
Q

what colour is bromine?

A

brown

63
Q

what colour is iodine?

A

dark grey

64
Q

what colour is astatine?

A

black

65
Q

what happens when halogens react with metals?

A

they form ionic compounds

66
Q

do halogens get more or less reactive down the group?

A

less reactive

67
Q

why are halogens less reactive down the group?

A

they all need to gain one electron which is more difficult to do with more shells because the incoming electron is further away from the nucleus so the attraction to the nucleus is weaker so it is less reactive

68
Q

how do you test for chlorine?

A

damp blue litmus paper turns white

69
Q

what colour is aqueous chlorine?

A

colourless

70
Q

what colour is aqueous bromine?

A

yellow

71
Q

what colour is aqueous iodine?

A

brown

72
Q

what colour is KCl?

A

colourless

73
Q

what colour is KBr?

A

colourless

74
Q

what colour is KI?

A

colourless

75
Q

what type of reaction are all halogen reactions?

A

redox reactions

chemistry (5 decks)

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