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november mocks Flashcards

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1
Q

how are solids arranged?

A

close together and tightly packed in regular rows

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2
Q

how do solids move?

A

vibrate about a fixed point

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3
Q

how much energy do solids have?

A

little energy

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4
Q

what kind of oxides to metals have?

A

basic oxides, which reacts with acids to give a salt and water

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5
Q

what kind of oxides to non-metals have?

A

acidic or neutral

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6
Q

what happens when oxygen combusts in magnesium?

A

a bright white light given off, white powder produced

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7
Q

what happens when hydrogen combusts?

A

theres an explosive reaction (think squeaky pop)

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8
Q

what happens when sulphur combusts?

A

blue flame

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9
Q

what does solvent mean?

A

the liquid in which the solute dissolves in

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10
Q

what does solute mean?

A

the substance that is dissolved

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11
Q

what does solution mean?

A

the liquid formed between the solute and the solution

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12
Q

what does saturated solution mean?

A

no more solute can dissolve in the solvent

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13
Q

what is the relative mass of an electron?

A

1/2000

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14
Q

what is the charge on Ag (silver)?

A

+1

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15
Q

what is the charge of Cu (copper)?

A

+2

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16
Q

what is the charge on Fe (iron (II))?

A

+2

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17
Q

what is the charge on Fe (iron (III))

A

+3

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18
Q

what is the charge on Pb (lead)?

A

+2

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19
Q

what is the charge on Zn (zinc)?

A

+2

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20
Q

what is the charge of OH (hydroxide)?

A

-1

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21
Q

what is the charge of ammonium?

A

+1

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22
Q

what is the charge of carbonate?

A

-2

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23
Q

what is the charge of nitrate?

A

-1

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24
Q

what is the charge of sulphate?

A

-2

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25
Q

what is the formula of hydroxide (including charge)?

A

OH-

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26
Q

what is the formula of ammonium (including charge)?

A

NH4+

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27
Q

what is the formula of carbonate (including charge)?

A

CO3-2

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28
Q

what is the formula of nitrate (including charge)?

A

NO3-

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29
Q

what is the formula for sulphur (inluding charge)?

A

SO4-2

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30
Q

what is ionic bonding?

A

the strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

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31
Q

why do ionic compounds have high melting points and boiling points?

A

the strong electrostatic attraction requires a lot of energy to overcome

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32
Q

when can ionic compounds conduct electricity?

A

when molten or aqueous

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33
Q

why can ionic compounds only conduct electricity when molten or aqueous?

A

the ions are free to move

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34
Q

what is the percentage of nitrogen in the air?

A

78%

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35
Q

what is the percentage of oxygen in the air?

A

21%

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36
Q

what is the percentage of argon in the air?

A

0.9%

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37
Q

what percentage of carbon is in the air?

A

0.035%

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38
Q

what pH value means strongly acidic?

A

0-3

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39
Q

what pH value is weakly acidic?

A

4-6

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40
Q

what pH value is neutral?

A

7

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41
Q

what pH value is weak alkaline?

A

8-10

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42
Q

what pH value is strongly alkaline?

A

11-14

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43
Q

what are acids in an aqueous solution sources of?

A

hydrogen ions

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44
Q

what are alkalis in an aqueous solution a source of?

A

hydroxide ions

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45
Q

what are alkalis?

A

soluble bases
proton receivers

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46
Q

what are bases?

A

proton receivers

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47
Q

what are acids?

A

proton donors

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48
Q

can alkalis can neutralise acids?

A

yes

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49
Q

is sodium (Na+) soluble?

A

yes

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50
Q

is potassium (K+) soluble?

A

yes

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51
Q

is ammonium soluble?

A

yes

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52
Q

are nitrates soluble, and are there any exceptions?

A

yes, there are no exceptions

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53
Q

are chlorides soluble, and are there any exceptions?

A

they are soluble except for silver chloride and lead (II) chloride

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54
Q

is silver chloride soluble?

A

no

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55
Q

is lead (II) chloride soluble?

A

no

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56
Q

are sulphates soluble and are there any exceptions?

A

yes they are, except for barium sulphate, calcium sulphate, and lead (II) sulphate

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57
Q

are carbonates soluble and are there any exceptions?

A

no they aren’t, except for sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, and ammonium carbonate

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58
Q

are hydroxides soluble?

A

no, except for sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide (though it is slightly soluble)

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59
Q

what is the reaction between an alkali and an acid?

A

alkali + acid -> water + salt

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60
Q

what is the reaction between bases ad acids?

A

base + acid -> water + salt

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61
Q

what is the reaction between a carbonate, acid?

A

carbonate + acid -> water + salt + carbon dioxide

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62
Q

what is the reaction between a metal and an acid?

A

metal + acid -> salt + hydrogen

63
Q

how do you get an insoluble salt from two soluble reactants?

A

precipitate method:
mix them
filter

64
Q

what is metallic bonding?

A

the strong electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and a sea of delocalised negative electrons

65
Q

what are the uses of aluminium?

A
  • it is used for cables, some cars (because it’s light), planes, pots, and pans
  • it is useful because of it’s lack of corrosion, it’s low density, it’s strength when alloyed, and it is a good conductor of heat and electricity
  • it doesn’t corrode because it forms aluminium oxide on the surface
66
Q

what are the uses of copper?

A
  • it is used in electrical wires, pots and pans, surfaces in hospitals, and water pipes
  • it is a good conductor of heat and electricity, it is unreactive, malleable, and has anti-microbial properties
67
Q

what is mild steel made out of?

A

iron and up to 0.25% carbon

68
Q

what are the uses of mild steel?

A
  • nails, car bodies, ships, and bridges
  • mild carbon is strong, hard, malleable, and ductile
  • it rusts when exposed to oxygen and water
69
Q

what is high carbon steel made out of?

A

iron, 0.6-1.2% carbon, and usually small amounts of manganese

70
Q

what are the uses of high carbon steel?

A
  • it is used for cutting tools and masonry nails
  • it is harder and more than resistant than mild steel, but also more brittle
71
Q

what is stainless steel made up of?

A

iron, chromium, and often nickel

72
Q

what are the uses of stainless steel?

A
  • it is used in kitchen sinks, sauce pans, knives and forks, and gardening tools
  • it is also used in brewing, dairy, and chemical industries
  • it is resistant to corrosion
73
Q

what is an alloy?

A

a mixture of a metal and one or more elements (usually other metals or carbon)

74
Q

why are alloys harder than normal metals?

A

different sized atoms so the layers cant slide over each other as easily

75
Q

what is the order of reactivity?

A

potassium
sodium
lithium
calcium
magnesium
aluminium
zinc
iron
copper
silver
gold

76
Q

what is a covalent bond?

A

the strong electrostatic attraction between positive nuclei and shared pairs of electrons

77
Q

why do simple molecular substances have low melting and boiling points?

A

the weak intermolecular forces require little energy to overcome

78
Q

why do structures with giant covalent structures have high melting and boiling points?

A

the many strong covalent bonds require a lot of energy to overcome

79
Q

what effect does increased surface area have on rates of reactions?

A

increasing surface area increases rate of reaction, because more reactant particles are exposed so there are more frequent collisions, and so more successful collisions per unit time

80
Q

what is the effect of increasing the concentration of a solution on rates of reaction?

A

increasing the concentration increases the rate of reaction because there are more particles in the same volume so there are more frequent collisions, so there are more successful collisions per unit time

81
Q

what effect does increasing pressure on a gas have on rate of reaction?

A

increasing pressure increases rate of reaction because there are the same number of particles in a smaller volume so there are more frequent collisions so there are more successful collisions per unit time

82
Q

what effect does increasing temperature have on rate of reaction?

A

increasing temperature increases rate of reaction because the particles have more kinetic energy so there are more frequent collisions at the activation energy, so there are more successful collisions per unit time

83
Q

what effect does a catalyst have on rate of reaction?

A

catalysts increase rate of reaction by providing an alternative route at a lower activation energy so there are more successful collisions per unit time

84
Q

what is a catalyst

A

a substance that increases the rate of reaction but remains unchanged at the end of the reaction

85
Q

how does a catalyst work?

A

they provide an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy

86
Q

what is the empirical formula?

A

smallest whole number ratio between atoms in a compound

87
Q

what is a molecular formula?

A

the actual ratio between atoms in a compound

88
Q

what is the relationship between moles, mass, and Mr?

A

mass = Mr x moles

89
Q

what is the relationship between moles, volume, and concentration?

A

moles = concentration x volume

90
Q

what is the relationship between moles and volume of a gas?

A

moles = volume/24

91
Q

what is a hydrocarbon?

A

a compound of hydrogen and carbon only

92
Q

what is a homologous series?

A

a group of molecules which have:
- similar chemical reactions
- similar trend in physical properties
- same general formula

93
Q

what is isomerism?

A

molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula

94
Q

what does the meth prefix mean?

A

one carbon atom

95
Q

what does the eth prefix mean?

A

two carbon atoms

96
Q

what does the prop prefix mean?

A

three carbon atoms

97
Q

what does the but prefix mean?

A

four carbon atoms

98
Q

what does the pent prefix mean?

A

five carbon atoms

99
Q

what does the hex prefix mean?

A

six carbon atoms

100
Q

what is a substitution reaction?

A

when a group of atoms is replaced by one atom or a group of atoms (eg alkanes and halogens)

101
Q

what is an addition reaction?

A

when a group of atoms is added to one atom or a group of atoms (eg alkenes with bromine water)

102
Q

what kind of reaction is alkanes and halogens?

A

substitution

103
Q

what kind of reaction is alkenes and bromine water?

A

addition

104
Q

what is crude oil?

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons

105
Q

what are the fractions of crude oil (in order of low to high boiling point)?

A

refinery gasses
gasoline
kerosene
diesel
fuel oil
bitumen

106
Q

what is the trend in colour of crude oil (low to high bp)?

A

light to dark

107
Q

what is the use of refinery gases?

A

fuel for cooking

108
Q

what is the use of gasoline?

A

fuel for cars

109
Q

what is the use of kerosene?

A

fuel for aircrafts

110
Q

what is the use for diesel?

A

fuel for trains

111
Q

what is the use for fuel oil?

A

fuel for ships

112
Q

what is the use of bitumen?

A

used to make roads

113
Q

what is fuel?

A

a substance that, when burned, releases energy

114
Q

what are the possible products of complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

carbon dioxide + water

115
Q

what are the possible products of incomplete combustion in hydrocarbons?

A

carbon monoxide + water

116
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

117
Q

why are alkanes considered saturated hydrocarbons?

A

they have no carbon = carbon double bond

118
Q

what is necessary for alkanes to react with halogen?

A

uv light

119
Q

what happens to bromine water when it reacts with alkanes?

A

without uv: stays orange (no reaction happens)
with uv: turn colourless (reaction happens)

120
Q

what do alkenes contain that alkanes dont?

A

c=c double bond

121
Q

what is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

122
Q

why are alkenes unsaturated?

A

they have a c=c double bond

123
Q

what happens when alkenes react with bromine water?

A
  • turns colourless
  • forms dibromoalkanes
124
Q

how is an addition polymer formed?

A

joining up many small molecules called monomers

125
Q

how could you dispose of an addition polymer?

A
  • recycle
  • incineration
  • landfill
126
Q

what are the cons of recycling?

A

uses energy

127
Q

what are the pros and cons of incineration?

A

pro: produces energy
cons: produces carbon dioxide (green house gas –> global warming
there are toxic products (eg carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride)

128
Q

what are the cons of landfill?

A

takes up a lot of space
produces methane (a greenhouse gas)

129
Q

what is simple distilation?

A

separates a liquid from a solution by heating

130
Q

what is fractional distilation?

A

separates fraction (crude oil)

131
Q

what is crystalisation?

A

obtain a salt from a solution

132
Q

how do you measure Rf values?

A

distance moved by dot/distance moved by solvent

133
Q

what is the test for hydrogen?

A

squeaky pop test
put a lit splint into gas and it will make a squeaky pop

134
Q

what is the test for oxygen?

A

glowing splint test
put a glowing splint into the gas, it will relight if oxygen is present

135
Q

what is the test for carbon dioxide?

A

limewater
bubble gas into limewater, it will go cloudy

136
Q

what is the test for ammonia?

A

place damp red litmus paper into gas, it will go blue

137
Q

what is the test for chlorine?

A

place a damp blue litmus paper into gas, it will go white

138
Q

what kind of wire is used to carry out a flame test?

A

nichrome or platinum

139
Q

what acid is the wire dipped in during a flame test?

A

hydrochloric acid

140
Q

how do you test for lithium ions?

A

flame test
goes red

141
Q

how do you test for sodium ions?

A

flame test
goes yellow

142
Q

how do you test for potassium ions?

A

flame test
goes lilac

143
Q

how do you test for calcium ions?

A

flame test
goes orange-red

144
Q

what is the test for copper ions (that doesn’t use sodium hydroxide)?

A

flame test
blue-green

145
Q

how do you test for ammonium?

A

dissolve in water
add to sodium hydroxide solution
heat it
test the gas produced using damn red litmus paper (should go blue)

146
Q

how do you test for copper ions (without a flame test)?

A

dissolve in water and add a few drops of sodium hydroxide
blue precipitate formed (copper hydroxide)

147
Q

how do you test for iron (II) ions?

A

dissolve in water and add a few drops of sodium hydroxide
forms green precipitate

148
Q

how do you test for iron (III) ions?

A

dissolve in water and add a few drops of sodium hydroxide
brown precipitate formed

149
Q

how do you test for chloride ions?

A
  • dissolve in water
  • add nitric acid
  • add silver nitrate
  • forms white precipitate
150
Q

how do you test for bromide ions?

A
  • dissolve in water
  • add nitric acid
  • add silver nitrate
  • forms cream precipitate
151
Q

how do you test for iodide ions?

A
  • dissolve in water
  • add nitric acid
  • add silver nitrate
  • forms yellow precipitate
152
Q

how do you test for sulphate ions?

A
  • add hydrochloric acid and look for fizzing
  • if there’s no fizzing, add barium chloride
  • forms white precipitate
153
Q

how do you test for carbonates?

A
  • add hydrochloric acid, look for fizzing
  • if there is fizzing, bubble through limewater
  • should go cloudy
154
Q

how do you test for the presence of water?

A

add anhydrous copper (II) sulphate
goes white -> blue

chemistry (5 decks)

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