Summer Studying - Cells

Question 1

What is the Role of a Cell Membrane?

Answer 1

To determine which substances enter and exit and cell (selectively permeable) and harbor biological activity

Question 2

Describe the Cell Membrane

Answer 2

Thin, flexible, and elastic

Question 3

What to Membrane Proteins do?

Answer 3

Receive, transport, and determine how a cell will interact with others

Question 4

Cytoskeleton

Answer 4

Cell skeleton

Question 5

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 5

also known as ER. a complex organelle whose parts communicate with the cell
membrane and participates in synthesis of protein and lipid molecules

Question 6

Ribosomes

Answer 6

Sites of protein synthesis. Attached to ER or scattered in cytoplasm. composed of proteins and RNA. provide enzymes.

Question 7

Golgi Appparatus

Answer 7

composed of abt six flat membranous sacs. refines, packages, and delivers proteins associated with ER. Innermost end is specialized to receive glycoproteins

Question 8

Mitochondria

Answer 8

powerhouse of the cell. reproduce by dividing. major sites of chemical reactions that transform atp to a form cells can use.

Question 9

Lysosomes

Answer 9

Garbage disposals of the cell. contain enzymes to break down nutrient molecules.

Question 10

Peroxisomes

Answer 10

abundant in liver and kidney cells. house enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions like fat digestion and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide

Question 11

Microfilaments

Answer 11

provide cell mobility which can help cells contract

Question 12

Microtubules

Answer 12

composed of globular tubulin proteins arrayed in 9 + 2 pattern. (nine outside tubules form a ring around inside 2)

Question 13

Centrosome

Answer 13

during mitosis distribute chromosomes to newly forming cells

Question 14

Cilia

Answer 14

Also 9 + 2. beat in succession to create waves of motion to move fluids across surfaces of tissues

Question 15

Flagella

Answer 15

undulating wave motion beginning at their base. movement like swimming

Question 16

Cell Nucleus

Answer 16

houses genetic material (DNA). directs cell activity. enclosed in double layered nuclear envelope.

Question 17

Nucleolus

Answer 17

(little nucleus)

Question 18

Chromatin

Answer 18

contains loosely coiled fibers of dna and protein called chromosomes

Question 19

Diffusion

Answer 19

molecules or ions scatter to lower concentration areas.

can occur when a cell membrane is permeable to the substance or a concentration gradient exists

Question 20

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 20

the passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient. It is a selective process

Question 21

Osmosis

Answer 21

occurs when water molecules diffuse from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower across selectively permeable membrane.

Question 22

Isotonic

Answer 22

any solution that has the same osmotic pressure as body fluids

Question 23

Hypertonic

Answer 23

solutions with higher osmotic pressure than body fluids

Question 24

Filtration

Answer 24

forces molecules through membranes. separates solids from waters.

Question 25

Active Transport

Answer 25

moves particles through membranes from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration.

Question 26

Endocytosis

Answer 26

molecules or other particles too large to enter a cell by diffusion, facilitated diffusion or active transport are conveyed within vesicles formed from a section of cell membrane.

occurs in three forms : pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 27

exocytosis

Answer 27

secretes a substance stored in a vesicle of a cell (opposite of endocytosis)

Question 28

Pinocytosis

Answer 28

“cell drinking”

cells take tiny drops of liquid from surroundings as a portion of cell membrane ingredients

Question 29

Phagocytosis

Answer 29

“cell eating”

takes in solids rather than liquids.

Question 30

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Answer 30

moves specific kinds of particles into the cell by binding them first.

Question 31

What is the Cell Cycle?

Answer 31

The series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until it divides.

Question 32

Interphase

Answer 32

A cell growing and duplicating its contents before it can actively divide and two cells can form from one

maintains routine and has housekeeping functions. duplicates membranes, ribosomes, lysosomes and mitochondria

replicating it’s genetic material so two new cells will have complete genetic instructions

Question 33

Mitosis

Answer 33

division of the nucleus

each cell must have complete accurate copy of info to survive

Question 34

cyrokinesis

Answer 34

division of the cytoplasm

Question 35

What are the “stages” of Mitosis

Answer 35

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

Question 36

Prophase

Answer 36

chromosomes become visible in nucleus. each prophase chromosome is composed of two identical portions (chromatids)
centrioles replicate just before mitosis begins
two newly formed centriole pairs move to opposite ends of the cell, nuclear envelope and nucleolus break up, disperse and are no longer visible

Question 37

Metaphase

Answer 37

chromosomes line up midway between centrioles due to microtubule activity. spindle fibers attach to centromeres

Question 38

Anaphase

Answer 38

centromeres are pulled apart. chromatids become individual chromosomes that move in oppo directions

Question 39

Telophase

Answer 39

chromosomes complete migration to centrioles. prophase in reverse. chromosomes unwind into chromatin and nuclear envelope forms. nucleoli appear within new nuclei

Question 40

Cytoplasm Division

Answer 40

begins during anaphase. membrane constricts down middle of cell. continues through telophase. new cells have identical genetic info

Question 41

Cell Differentiation

Answer 41

cells develops different characteristics in structure and function. do this by expressing some of the DNA info and repressing other info

Question 42

Cell Death

Answer 42

Cells that do not divide or specialize may die

Question 43

Apoptosis

Answer 43

form of cell death sculpting organs from overgrown tissues. carves away webbing between growing fingers and toes in a growing fetus and removes extra brain cells. Also can appear as the peeling of a sun burn.