Summer Paper 1 Year 9 Flashcards
Define an organelle?
A sub cellular structure (component) of a cell
Name the organelles in an animal cell.
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Name the three organelles a plant cell has, that an animal cell doesn’t.
Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Describe the function of the nucleus
Contains genetic material that the cell needs to grow and reproduce. It controls what happens in the cell
Describe the function of the cytoplasm
A jelly-like substance in which chemical reactions happen. It contains water, salts, and dissolved nutrients
Define the function of a cell membrane
Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell using specialised proteins.
Define the function of the mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration
Describe the function of the ribosomes.
Site of protein synthesis
Describe the function of the cell wall.
Provides the cell with strength and structure for the cell with cellulose.
Describe the function of the chloroplast
Produce energy through photosynthesis by using chlorophyll
Describe the function of the vacuole
Is used to store, or transport substances
Define specialised cells
Cells that have adaptations to carry out a specific job
Name the function and two adaptations of nerve cells
To carry electrical impulses around the body.
Elongated cells, have dendrites to connect to other nerve cells
Name the function and two adaptations of the muscle cell
To contract and relax
store glycogen
Special proteins that slide over each other making the fibres contract
Name the function and two adaptations of the sperm cell
To join with the ovum during fertilisation
Long tail to swim to the egg
Large nucleus which contains genetic material to be passed on
Name the function and two adaptations of the sperm cell
To join with the ovum during fertilisation
Long tail to swim to the egg
Large nucleus which contains genetic material to be passed on
Name the function and 2 adaptations of the root hair cell.
To take up water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport
Large surface area to absorb water
Many mitochondria to transfer energy needed
Name the function and an adaptation of xylem cells
To carry water and mineral ions from the roots to the highest leaves and shoots
Contain lignin that cause the cells to die and form long hollow tubes
Name the function and an adaptation and an adaptation of phloem cells
To carry food made by photosynthesis around the plant
Companion cells keep the phloem tissues alive
Name the function of the coarse focus
To get the slide roughly in focus before using fine focus
Name the function of the fine focus
To focus clearly on the slide
Name the function of the mirror
To send light up through the slide
Name the function of the eyepiece
A second lens that focuses the image/ magnifies it more
Name the function of the tube
To carry light from the objective lens to the eyepiece lens
Name the function of the objective lens
The first lens that magnifies what is on the slide
Name the function of the stage
To hold the slide in place
What is the equation for magnification.
Size of image/ real size of object
Describe a eukaryotic cells
Carries a membrane bound nucleus
Describe a prokaryotic cell
No membrane bound nucleus
Define diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of High concentration to an area of low concentration
What kind of processes are diffusion and osmosis
Passive
Name the factors that affect rate of diffusion
The difference in concentration gradient
The temperature
Surface area of a membrane
Define osmosis
The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a partially permeable membrane
Define an Isotonic solution
This is when the concentration of solited in the solution outside the cell is the same as the internal concentration . water neither enters or leaves the cell . there is no change in the cell
Define a hypotonic solution
This is when the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is lower than the internal concentration .water enters the cell .the cell swells and bursts.
Define a hypertonic solution.
The concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is higher than the internal concentration. Water leaves the cell and the cell shrivels and shrinks.
Define active transport
The process that transports particles across a partially permeable membrane from a low concentration to a high concentration .
What kind of process is active transport
Active
Define mitosis
How cells divide and copy themselves to produce new identical cells
Explain growth interphase
DNA is doubled forming two copies of each chromosome . Organelles also increase and the cell size increases
Explain mitosis
One chromosome for each pair is pulled to each end of the cell
Explain cytokinesis
Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide forming two genetically identical cells
Define cytokinesis
The final stage where the cytoplasm divides and two separate genetically identical cells are formed
What is a stem cell?
A differentiated cell of an organism which is capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type.
What do platelets do
Clot blood at an injury site
What does plasma do?
Transport nutrients antibodies, hormones, and waste
What is the function of white blood cells?
To form antibodies against microorganisms
What is the function of red blood cells?
Transporting oxygen
Name 3 Adaptations of red blood cells
No nucleus (more space for oxygen)
Biconcave disk (allows easy movement of gases in and out of the cell)
Haemoglobin( red pigment that binds to oxygen)
Name 3 Adaptations of red blood cells
No nucleus (more space for oxygen)
Biconcave disk (allows easy movement of gases in and out of the cell)
Haemoglobin( red pigment that binds to oxygen)
Arteries
Carey blood away from the heart
High pressure to reach all parts of the body
Thick strong walls so resist
Capillaries
Allow substances to diffuse in and out of
Very thin walls
Veins
Carey blood back to the heart
Thin walls
Valves to prevent blood flow
What happens during inhalation?
Diaphragm contracts and moves down
Intercostal muscles contact and move out
Volume of chest increases
Pressure in chest decreases
Air is forced in
What happens during exhalation ?
Diaphragm relaxes and moves up
Intercostal muscles relax and move in
Volume of chest decreases
Pressure in chest increases
Air is forced out
Function of the trachea
Carry air in and out of the lungs
Function of the alveoli
Where gas exchange occurs
Function of the alveoli
Where gas exchange occurs
Function of the bronchi
Carry air to and from your lungs
Function of the bronchioles
To deliver air to the alveoli
Function of the diaphragm
A muscle that moves to help you inhale or exhale
Function of the ribs
To protect the lungs and aid respiration
Define chemical breakdown
When one substance is changed into different smaller substances
Define physical breakdown
When a substance has broken up in smaller pieces of the same substance
Where is Amylase made?
Salivary glands and pancreas
Where does Amylase work?
Stomach and small intestine and mouth
What does amylase do?
Breakdown starch into sugar ( smaller molecules)
Where is protease made?
Stomach, pancreas, small intestine
Where does protease work?
Stomach, pancreas, small intestine
What does protease do?
Breaks down proteins into amino acids
Where is lipase made?
Pancreas, small intestine
Where does lipase work?
Pancreas, mouth
What does lipase do?
Breakdown fats and lipids
Name the acid in the stomach
Hydrochloric acid
Name the acid in the stomach
Hydrochloric acid
Why do we have acid in the stomach?
Breakdown food and hold enzymes
Where is bile produced ?
The liver
What is the function of bile?
Emulsifies fats and breaks them down to small particles, which increases the surface area of fats
To neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach
Where is bile stored?
The gall bladder
Define pepsin
A protease enzyme that is secreted by glands in the learning of the stomach
What do pepsin digest?
Protein
What medium does pepsin work best in?
An acidic one
Function of the upper epidermis
Stops oxygen and carbon dioxide from leaving the cell
Function of the lower epidermis?
prevent water from escaping and also allows carbon dioxide to diffuse in, and oxygen to diffuse out.
Function of the palisade mesophyll
Site of photosynthesis ,contains chlorophyll
Equation for photosynthesis
Water + carbon dioxide (light over arrow) -> glucose + oxygen
Explain some ways which the tissues of the leaves are adapted to make photosynthesis efficient
- The upper epidermis is thin and transparent to allow more light to reach the photosynthesising cells
-palisade mesophyll is tightly packed and contains many chloroplast to allow it to photosynthesis effectively
-The spongy mile has lots of air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out - Lower epidermis has pores called stomata to allow gas to move out
Label the leaf in order
Waxy cuticle
Upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Lower epidermis
Guard cells
Define transpiration
The movement of water from the roots to the leaves of a plant
In what directions does water move
Only upwards
Name two adaptations of the xylem cells
No walls between the cells so that water can move
The Walls are strengthened by lignin
How does water exit the leaf?
Via evaporation at the stomata
How are the stomata adapted ?
They are found on the bottom of the leaves, so they are less exposed to the Sun and there is less evaporation
Why does a plant need sugar?
So it can respire
What is the movement of sugar called?
Translocation
How is sugar transported in a leaf?
Through the phloem
In which direction does sugar move?
In both directions ( upwards and down)
How are phloem adapted to transport sugar?
Cells are elongated
Cell sap can move between cells via pores in the end wall these are called sieve plates
Do forces cause translocation??
No
What does translocation use active transport to do?
To move glucose ((converted into sucrose ))and amino acids
Function of the sources ?
Where sucrose is made
Function of the sink
Where sucrose is delivered
How does sucrose move
Against its concentration
What do plants do during transpiration?
Move water from the roots to the leaves for photosynthesis in the xylem vessels
Glucose made in photosynthesis is…
Then moved to all cells in phloem vessels for respiration
The two stages of transpiration
Water is constantly lost from the leaves ( due to the evaporation due to heat and water loss from the stomata)
As water evaporates this creates concentration inside the air spaces of the leaf
Where is there more water in the leaves?
There is more water in the roots/at the base of the plant than in the leaves
How does water move in the leaves?
Water moves via osmosis from a high concentration in the roots to a lower one in the leaves through a partially permeable membrane
Equation for stomatal density
Average number of stomata/area of the microscopic field of veiw
Factors affecting transpiration
An increase in temperature increases the rate of transpiration ( because it increasing temperature increases the rate of evaporation from the stomata so more water is lost from the plant)
An increase in wind speed increases the rate of transpiration because the wind removes more water vapour from the surface therefore increasing the rate of evaporation from the stomata
An increase in light intensity increases the rate of transpiration because the stomata open wider to allow more carbon dioxide into the leaf for photosynthesis which increases the rate of an evaporation from the stomata.
An increase in humidity decreases the rate of transpiration because moist air surrounds the stomata which decreases the rate of evaporation so less water is from the plant
What is a potometer used for?
To measure the uptake of water by a plant
Ionic bonds are formed when…
Metals and nonmetals react together
Ionic bonding is …
The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
A molecule is
When two or more atoms are chemically joined together
Cations
Atoms that lose an electron and become a positive ion
Anions
Atoms that gain an electron and become negatively charged
Covalent bond
When non metals metals react together, they need to gain electrons to fill their shell becomes stable so they share electrons
Metallic bonding
Positive metal ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons that can carry a charge
When metals are bonded together by giant structures that contain many atoms chemically joined together
There is a strong electrostatic force of attraction between the positive metal ion and the delocalised electrons
Metallic bonding
Positive metal ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons that can carry a charge
Well, metals are bonded together by giant structures that contain many atoms chemically joined together
There is a strong electrostatic force of attraction between the positive metal ion and the delocalised electrons
Properties of metals
Good conductors of heat, good conductors of electricity, sonorous, ductile, malleable
Why are metals good conductors?
The delocalised electrons can conduct electricity and heat .as they are free to move they can then pass this on throughout the metal.
Why do metals have high melting/boiling points?
Due to electrostatic forces of attraction between the positive metal ion and the delocalised electrons lots of energy is required to break these bonds ensuring that metals have high melting and boiling points
Why are metals malleable?
The layers of atoms in a metal can slide over each other because of delocalised electrons
Covenant bonds melting points
Covalent bonds have low boiling and melting points. As there are weak forces between the molecules which are easy to overcome
Ionic structures mp /bp
Have high melting and boiling points is it requires lots of energy to break up the strong electrostatic forces between the positive positive and negative ions
metallic structures mp/bp
Have high melting and boiling points requires lots of energy to break up the strong electrostatic forces between the positive metal ions and the delocalised electrons
metallic structures mp/bp
Have high melting and boiling points requires lots of energy to break up the strong electrostatic forces between the positive metal ions and the delocalised electrons
Risk factor
Any attribute ,characteristic ,or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of contracting a certain disease or injury
Risk factor
Only attribute characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of contracting a certain disease or injury
Causal mechanism
Something that explains how one factor influences another
Causal mechanism
Something that explains how one factor influences another
Noncommunicable disease
Diseases that are not infectious and cannot be transferred from one individual to another
Risk factors of cardiovascular diseases
Diet, obesity , smoking ,lack of exercise
Risk factors of cardiovascular diseases
Diet, obesity , smoking ,lack of exercise
Risk factors of cancer
Exposure to asbestos, radiation, and smoking
Risk factors of lung disease
Exposure to pollution or other carcinogens, asbestos, exhaust fumes, or smoking
Malignant tumour cells
Cancerous
Invade neighbouring tissues and spread to the body in the blood where they form secondary Tumors . The initial tumour may split up as well
Benign tumors
Growth of abnormal cells which are contained in one area
They do not invade other parts of the body
The cancer can grow very large very quickly if it causes pressure or damage to an organ this can be life-threatening
Nicotine
Chief addictive ingredient into tobacco used cigarettes
Has a stimulant effect when smoked in a small puffs, and deep drugs it can have a tranquilising effect
Tar
The sticky brown substance that stay in smokers, teeth and fingers yellow brown
Contains carcinogen
Damages your lungs by nano ruins bronchi that absorb oxygen
Damages cilia
Carbon monoxide
A poisonous gas which takes place of oxygen in the blood, and causes your heart to work harder and stop your lungs working properly
BMI
Body mass index confused to assess whether Person in a healthy mass
Mass in kg/ height
Alcohol causes these cancers…
Mouth and upper throat, larynx, oesophagus, breast , liver, bowel
What happens when an individual drinks?
Ethanol is absorbed into the bloodstream from the garden and passes into the body tissues including the brain
Affects the nervous system
Alcohol in the liver
Causes damage, liver may develop cirrhosis, which destroys liver tissue , can cause liver cancer
Alcohol and the brain
Causes damage to the brain, brain can become soft and pulpy
