Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Revsison Flashcards🧬🧠 > Summer Paper 1 Year 9 > Flashcards

Summer Paper 1 Year 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Define an organelle?

A

A sub cellular structure (component) of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the organelles in an animal cell.

A

Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the three organelles a plant cell has, that an animal cell doesn’t.

A

Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the function of the nucleus

A

Contains genetic material that the cell needs to grow and reproduce. It controls what happens in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the function of the cytoplasm

A

A jelly-like substance in which chemical reactions happen. It contains water, salts, and dissolved nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define the function of a cell membrane

A

Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell using specialised proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define the function of the mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the function of the ribosomes.

A

Site of protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the function of the cell wall.

A

Provides the cell with strength and structure for the cell with cellulose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the function of the chloroplast

A

Produce energy through photosynthesis by using chlorophyll

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the function of the vacuole

A

Is used to store, or transport substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define specialised cells

A

Cells that have adaptations to carry out a specific job

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name the function and two adaptations of nerve cells

A

To carry electrical impulses around the body.
Elongated cells, have dendrites to connect to other nerve cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name the function and two adaptations of the muscle cell

A

To contract and relax
store glycogen
Special proteins that slide over each other making the fibres contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name the function and two adaptations of the sperm cell

A

To join with the ovum during fertilisation
Long tail to swim to the egg
Large nucleus which contains genetic material to be passed on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name the function and two adaptations of the sperm cell

A

To join with the ovum during fertilisation
Long tail to swim to the egg
Large nucleus which contains genetic material to be passed on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the function and 2 adaptations of the root hair cell.

A

To take up water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport
Large surface area to absorb water
Many mitochondria to transfer energy needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the function and an adaptation of xylem cells

A

To carry water and mineral ions from the roots to the highest leaves and shoots
Contain lignin that cause the cells to die and form long hollow tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name the function and an adaptation and an adaptation of phloem cells

A

To carry food made by photosynthesis around the plant
Companion cells keep the phloem tissues alive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name the function of the coarse focus

A

To get the slide roughly in focus before using fine focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name the function of the fine focus

A

To focus clearly on the slide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name the function of the mirror

A

To send light up through the slide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Name the function of the eyepiece

A

A second lens that focuses the image/ magnifies it more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name the function of the tube

A

To carry light from the objective lens to the eyepiece lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Name the function of the objective lens

A

The first lens that magnifies what is on the slide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Name the function of the stage

A

To hold the slide in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the equation for magnification.

A

Size of image/ real size of object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe a eukaryotic cells

A

Carries a membrane bound nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe a prokaryotic cell

A

No membrane bound nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Define diffusion

A

The movement of particles from an area of High concentration to an area of low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What kind of processes are diffusion and osmosis

A

Passive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Name the factors that affect rate of diffusion

A

The difference in concentration gradient
The temperature
Surface area of a membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Define osmosis

A

The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a partially permeable membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Define an Isotonic solution

A

This is when the concentration of solited in the solution outside the cell is the same as the internal concentration . water neither enters or leaves the cell . there is no change in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Define a hypotonic solution

A

This is when the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is lower than the internal concentration .water enters the cell .the cell swells and bursts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Define a hypertonic solution.

A

The concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is higher than the internal concentration. Water leaves the cell and the cell shrivels and shrinks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Define active transport

A

The process that transports particles across a partially permeable membrane from a low concentration to a high concentration .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What kind of process is active transport

A

Active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Define mitosis

A

How cells divide and copy themselves to produce new identical cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Explain growth interphase

A

DNA is doubled forming two copies of each chromosome . Organelles also increase and the cell size increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Explain mitosis

A

One chromosome for each pair is pulled to each end of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Explain cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide forming two genetically identical cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Define cytokinesis

A

The final stage where the cytoplasm divides and two separate genetically identical cells are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A differentiated cell of an organism which is capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What do platelets do

A

Clot blood at an injury site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What does plasma do?

A

Transport nutrients antibodies, hormones, and waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

To form antibodies against microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Transporting oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Name 3 Adaptations of red blood cells

A

No nucleus (more space for oxygen)
Biconcave disk (allows easy movement of gases in and out of the cell)
Haemoglobin( red pigment that binds to oxygen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Name 3 Adaptations of red blood cells

A

No nucleus (more space for oxygen)
Biconcave disk (allows easy movement of gases in and out of the cell)
Haemoglobin( red pigment that binds to oxygen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Arteries

A

Carey blood away from the heart
High pressure to reach all parts of the body
Thick strong walls so resist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Capillaries

A

Allow substances to diffuse in and out of
Very thin walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Veins

A

Carey blood back to the heart
Thin walls
Valves to prevent blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

Diaphragm contracts and moves down
Intercostal muscles contact and move out
Volume of chest increases
Pressure in chest decreases
Air is forced in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What happens during exhalation ?

A

Diaphragm relaxes and moves up
Intercostal muscles relax and move in
Volume of chest decreases
Pressure in chest increases
Air is forced out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Function of the trachea

A

Carry air in and out of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Function of the alveoli

A

Where gas exchange occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Function of the alveoli

A

Where gas exchange occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Function of the bronchi

A

Carry air to and from your lungs

60
Q

Function of the bronchioles

A

To deliver air to the alveoli

61
Q

Function of the diaphragm

A

A muscle that moves to help you inhale or exhale

62
Q

Function of the ribs

A

To protect the lungs and aid respiration

63
Q

Define chemical breakdown

A

When one substance is changed into different smaller substances

64
Q

Define physical breakdown

A

When a substance has broken up in smaller pieces of the same substance

65
Q

Where is Amylase made?

A

Salivary glands and pancreas

66
Q

Where does Amylase work?

A

Stomach and small intestine and mouth

67
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Breakdown starch into sugar ( smaller molecules)

68
Q

Where is protease made?

A

Stomach, pancreas, small intestine

69
Q

Where does protease work?

A

Stomach, pancreas, small intestine

70
Q

What does protease do?

A

Breaks down proteins into amino acids

71
Q

Where is lipase made?

A

Pancreas, small intestine

72
Q

Where does lipase work?

A

Pancreas, mouth

73
Q

What does lipase do?

A

Breakdown fats and lipids

74
Q

Name the acid in the stomach

A

Hydrochloric acid

75
Q

Name the acid in the stomach

A

Hydrochloric acid

76
Q

Why do we have acid in the stomach?

A

Breakdown food and hold enzymes

77
Q

Where is bile produced ?

A

The liver

78
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Emulsifies fats and breaks them down to small particles, which increases the surface area of fats

To neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach

79
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

The gall bladder

80
Q

Define pepsin

A

A protease enzyme that is secreted by glands in the learning of the stomach

81
Q

What do pepsin digest?

A

Protein

82
Q

What medium does pepsin work best in?

A

An acidic one

83
Q

Function of the upper epidermis

A

Stops oxygen and carbon dioxide from leaving the cell

84
Q

Function of the lower epidermis?

A

prevent water from escaping and also allows carbon dioxide to diffuse in, and oxygen to diffuse out.

85
Q

Function of the palisade mesophyll

A

Site of photosynthesis ,contains chlorophyll

86
Q

Equation for photosynthesis

A

Water + carbon dioxide (light over arrow) -> glucose + oxygen

87
Q

Explain some ways which the tissues of the leaves are adapted to make photosynthesis efficient

A
  • The upper epidermis is thin and transparent to allow more light to reach the photosynthesising cells
    -palisade mesophyll is tightly packed and contains many chloroplast to allow it to photosynthesis effectively
    -The spongy mile has lots of air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out
  • Lower epidermis has pores called stomata to allow gas to move out
88
Q

Label the leaf in order

A

Waxy cuticle
Upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Lower epidermis
Guard cells

89
Q

Define transpiration

A

The movement of water from the roots to the leaves of a plant

90
Q

In what directions does water move

A

Only upwards

91
Q

Name two adaptations of the xylem cells

A

No walls between the cells so that water can move
The Walls are strengthened by lignin

92
Q

How does water exit the leaf?

A

Via evaporation at the stomata

93
Q

How are the stomata adapted ?

A

They are found on the bottom of the leaves, so they are less exposed to the Sun and there is less evaporation

94
Q

Why does a plant need sugar?

A

So it can respire

95
Q

What is the movement of sugar called?

A

Translocation

96
Q

How is sugar transported in a leaf?

A

Through the phloem

97
Q

In which direction does sugar move?

A

In both directions ( upwards and down)

98
Q

How are phloem adapted to transport sugar?

A

Cells are elongated
Cell sap can move between cells via pores in the end wall these are called sieve plates

99
Q

Do forces cause translocation??

A

No

100
Q

What does translocation use active transport to do?

A

To move glucose ((converted into sucrose ))and amino acids

101
Q

Function of the sources ?

A

Where sucrose is made

102
Q

Function of the sink

A

Where sucrose is delivered

103
Q

How does sucrose move

A

Against its concentration

104
Q

What do plants do during transpiration?

A

Move water from the roots to the leaves for photosynthesis in the xylem vessels

105
Q

Glucose made in photosynthesis is…

A

Then moved to all cells in phloem vessels for respiration

106
Q

The two stages of transpiration

A

Water is constantly lost from the leaves ( due to the evaporation due to heat and water loss from the stomata)

As water evaporates this creates concentration inside the air spaces of the leaf

107
Q

Where is there more water in the leaves?

A

There is more water in the roots/at the base of the plant than in the leaves

108
Q

How does water move in the leaves?

A

Water moves via osmosis from a high concentration in the roots to a lower one in the leaves through a partially permeable membrane

109
Q

Equation for stomatal density

A

Average number of stomata/area of the microscopic field of veiw

110
Q

Factors affecting transpiration

A

An increase in temperature increases the rate of transpiration ( because it increasing temperature increases the rate of evaporation from the stomata so more water is lost from the plant)

An increase in wind speed increases the rate of transpiration because the wind removes more water vapour from the surface therefore increasing the rate of evaporation from the stomata

An increase in light intensity increases the rate of transpiration because the stomata open wider to allow more carbon dioxide into the leaf for photosynthesis which increases the rate of an evaporation from the stomata.

An increase in humidity decreases the rate of transpiration because moist air surrounds the stomata which decreases the rate of evaporation so less water is from the plant

111
Q

What is a potometer used for?

A

To measure the uptake of water by a plant

112
Q

Ionic bonds are formed when…

A

Metals and nonmetals react together

113
Q

Ionic bonding is …

A

The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

114
Q

A molecule is

A

When two or more atoms are chemically joined together

115
Q

Cations

A

Atoms that lose an electron and become a positive ion

116
Q

Anions

A

Atoms that gain an electron and become negatively charged

117
Q

Covalent bond

A

When non metals metals react together, they need to gain electrons to fill their shell becomes stable so they share electrons

118
Q

Metallic bonding

A

Positive metal ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons that can carry a charge
When metals are bonded together by giant structures that contain many atoms chemically joined together
There is a strong electrostatic force of attraction between the positive metal ion and the delocalised electrons

119
Q

Metallic bonding

A

Positive metal ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons that can carry a charge
Well, metals are bonded together by giant structures that contain many atoms chemically joined together
There is a strong electrostatic force of attraction between the positive metal ion and the delocalised electrons

120
Q

Properties of metals

A

Good conductors of heat, good conductors of electricity, sonorous, ductile, malleable

121
Q

Why are metals good conductors?

A

The delocalised electrons can conduct electricity and heat .as they are free to move they can then pass this on throughout the metal.

122
Q

Why do metals have high melting/boiling points?

A

Due to electrostatic forces of attraction between the positive metal ion and the delocalised electrons lots of energy is required to break these bonds ensuring that metals have high melting and boiling points

123
Q

Why are metals malleable?

A

The layers of atoms in a metal can slide over each other because of delocalised electrons

124
Q

Covenant bonds melting points

A

Covalent bonds have low boiling and melting points. As there are weak forces between the molecules which are easy to overcome

125
Q

Ionic structures mp /bp

A

Have high melting and boiling points is it requires lots of energy to break up the strong electrostatic forces between the positive positive and negative ions

126
Q

metallic structures mp/bp

A

Have high melting and boiling points requires lots of energy to break up the strong electrostatic forces between the positive metal ions and the delocalised electrons

127
Q

metallic structures mp/bp

A

Have high melting and boiling points requires lots of energy to break up the strong electrostatic forces between the positive metal ions and the delocalised electrons

128
Q

Risk factor

A

Any attribute ,characteristic ,or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of contracting a certain disease or injury

129
Q

Risk factor

A

Only attribute characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of contracting a certain disease or injury

130
Q

Causal mechanism

A

Something that explains how one factor influences another

131
Q

Causal mechanism

A

Something that explains how one factor influences another

132
Q

Noncommunicable disease

A

Diseases that are not infectious and cannot be transferred from one individual to another

133
Q

Risk factors of cardiovascular diseases

A

Diet, obesity , smoking ,lack of exercise

134
Q

Risk factors of cardiovascular diseases

A

Diet, obesity , smoking ,lack of exercise

135
Q

Risk factors of cancer

A

Exposure to asbestos, radiation, and smoking

136
Q

Risk factors of lung disease

A

Exposure to pollution or other carcinogens, asbestos, exhaust fumes, or smoking

137
Q

Malignant tumour cells

A

Cancerous
Invade neighbouring tissues and spread to the body in the blood where they form secondary Tumors . The initial tumour may split up as well

138
Q

Benign tumors

A

Growth of abnormal cells which are contained in one area
They do not invade other parts of the body
The cancer can grow very large very quickly if it causes pressure or damage to an organ this can be life-threatening

139
Q

Nicotine

A

Chief addictive ingredient into tobacco used cigarettes
Has a stimulant effect when smoked in a small puffs, and deep drugs it can have a tranquilising effect

140
Q

Tar

A

The sticky brown substance that stay in smokers, teeth and fingers yellow brown
Contains carcinogen
Damages your lungs by nano ruins bronchi that absorb oxygen
Damages cilia

141
Q

Carbon monoxide

A

A poisonous gas which takes place of oxygen in the blood, and causes your heart to work harder and stop your lungs working properly

142
Q

BMI

A

Body mass index confused to assess whether Person in a healthy mass
Mass in kg/ height

143
Q

Alcohol causes these cancers…

A

Mouth and upper throat, larynx, oesophagus, breast , liver, bowel

144
Q

What happens when an individual drinks?

A

Ethanol is absorbed into the bloodstream from the garden and passes into the body tissues including the brain
Affects the nervous system

145
Q

Alcohol in the liver

A

Causes damage, liver may develop cirrhosis, which destroys liver tissue , can cause liver cancer

146
Q

Alcohol and the brain

A

Causes damage to the brain, brain can become soft and pulpy

Revsison Flashcards🧬🧠 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions