Summative #3 Memorization, Week 7 Flashcards
Innervation of outer and inner surfaces of tympanic membrane
Outer surface = CNV3 (auriculotemporal)
Inner surface = CNIX (glossopharyngeal)
Innervation of tensor tympani and stapedius muscles
Tensor Tympani = CNV3 (auriculotemporal)
Stapedius = CNVII (facial)
3 branches of facial nerve through facial canal
Greater petrosal nerve
Motor portion
Chorda tympani
Frequency range sensitivity for hearing
20 - 16,000/20,000 Hz
Loudness range sensitivity for hearing and threshold for middle ear reflect
0 - 120 dB
Middle ear reflex > 75/85 dB
Pathway for hearing (6 locations)
spiral ganglion cells > cochlear nuclei > nucleus of lateral lemniscus or superior olivary complex > inferior colliculus > medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) > primary auditory cortex
Structures and threshold for intraural time detection
AVCN & MSO
Detects stimuli less than 3,000 Hz
Structures and threshold for intraural intensity detection
AVCN & MNTB & LSO
Detects stimuli 2,000 Hz and above
Uses acoustic shadowing
Fingolimod
MS drug, oral administration, sphingosine-1-phosphate inhibitor, prevents lymphocytes from leaving secondary lymphoid organs
Glatiramer acetate
MS drug, subcutaneous administration, induces antigen-specific suppressor T-cells
Interferon beta
MS drug, IM/subcutaneous administration, down regulates MHC and general autoimmune response
Neuromyelitis optica
Women»_space;» men
Bilateral optic neuritis + spinal cord demyelination
Antibodies against aquaporin 4
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
Acute monophonic demyelination post-viral infection or vaccination, can be very bad and cause death
Somatic symptom disorder
Symptoms are real but anxiety/preoccupation are in excess
Illness anxiety disorder
Preoccupation with having/acquiring a serious illness but not somatic symptoms
Conversion disorder
“Functional neurological symptom disorder” - altered voluntary motor or sensory function
Weber and Rinne results for conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
Conductive: Weber louder in affected ear, bone > air in affected ear
Sensorineural: Weber softer in affected ear, bone < air in affected ear
Presbycusis
Hearing loss associated with aging, usually caused by hair cell degeneration
Otosclerosis
Hereditary disorder of otic capsule bone (fixation of stapes footplate) with gradual progressive hearing loss
Input layers to association cortex
Other cortical areas: I - V
Thalamus: IV
Subcortical regions: all regions
Output layers from association cortex
II & III: other cortical areas
VI: thalamus
V: caudate, putamen, cerebellum
Gerstmann’s syndrome
Lesion to left temporoparietal association area can cause left/right confusion, finger agnosia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia
Results of lesion to right temporoparietal association area
Left hemineglect, non-syntactic language deficit, constructional apraxia
Lateral vestibular nucleus
Facilitates gravity-opposing muscles of limbs for posture maintenance
Medial and superior vestibular nuclei
Facilitates stabilization of head in space and VOR
Inferior vestibular nucleus
Functions in integration of vestibular, multi sensory, and cerebellar inputs
Disulfiram
Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase, aversive treatment for alcohol consumption
Acamprosate
Glutamate receptor modulator, reduces need to drink alcohol
Cocaine
DA, 5HT, NE transport inhibitor
Avoid beta-blockers in OD
Withdrawal includes triphasic response
Amphetamine
Increases DA, 5HT, NE release and blocks reuptake
Symptoms of withdrawal take 30-90 days to occur
MDMA
Increases DA, 5HT, NE release
Relaxed euphoric state, emotional openness and warmth, enhanced sensory perception etc…
Interference with temperature regulation
Opioids
Surge of euphoria followed by apathy, alternating wakefulness/drowsiness “on the nod”
Pupillary constriction
PCP
NMDA agonist - highly anticholinergic
Paranoid delusions, bad drug
Risk of NMS
People tend to take their clothes off
Ketamine
NMDA agonist
Produces dream-like state, dissociative anesthetic
LSD
5HT2A receptor agonist
Multiple emotions, sensory crossover, can have flashbacks of certain aspects of drug experience
Peyote
5HT2A receptor agonist
Hallucinogen kind of like LSD
Psilocybin
5HT2A receptor agonist
“Magic mushrooms”
Perceptual alterations, body parts changing shape and size
Dextromorphan
Period of nausea, then dissociative state with hallucinations and euphoria
Found in cough syrup, weak NMDA agonist
GHB
Metabolite of GABA, “date rape” drug, small therapeutic index
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
15-30 seconds of true vertigo with change in head position, results in short-lives torsional nystagmus accompanied by vertigo
Meniere’s disease
Symptoms of fluctuating hearing, unilateral roaring tinnitus, unilateral aural fullness temporally related to episodes of vertigo caused by imbalance of cochlear fluids (4-6 hours)
Vestibular neuritis or Labyrinthitis
Acute onset of constant vertigo with nausea and vomiting, often preceded by mild viral symptoms, horizontal nystagmus occurs in direction of involved ear initially, then after 2 or 3 days beats away from the involved ear
Labyrinthitis is associated with hearing loss and vestibular neuritis is not
Superior semicircular canal dehiscence
Opening or thinning in the bone overlying the superior semicircular canal of the inner ear allowing pressure to be transmitted to the inner ear, vertigo produced by coughing, sneezing
Meclizine
Strong anticholinergic medication that can predispose to falls, especially in the elderly
