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AY Respiratory > Summary > Flashcards

Summary Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms of Coryza

A

Runny nose
Sneezing
Maliase
Sore nose and throat

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2
Q

Complications of Coryza

A

Sinusitis
Acute bronchitis
Sore ear

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3
Q

Treatment of Coryza

A

Herbal extracts
Bed rest
Fluids

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4
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Bacterial/fungal infection of the paranasal sinuses

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5
Q

Symptoms of sinusitis

A

Headache
Fever
Facial pain

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6
Q

Investigations for sinusitis

A

CT of paranasal sinuses

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7
Q

Treatment

A

Decongestants
Corticosteroid nasal spray
Broad spectrum antibiotics

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8
Q

Treatment of rhinitis

A

Antihistamines (loratadine)
Topical corticosteroid
Montelukast

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9
Q

Treatment of pharyngitis

A

Phenoxymethylpenicillin

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10
Q

Treatment of acute laryngotracheobronchitis

A

Nebulised adrenaline
Oxygen
Oral corticosteroids (dexamethasone)

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11
Q

What organism causes acute epiglottis?

A

H. influenzae

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12
Q

Complications of acute epiglotitis

A

Meningitis
Diphtheria
Septic arthritis
Osteomyelitis

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13
Q

Treatment of acute epiglotitis

A 
Urgent endotracheal intubation 
IV antibiotics (ceftazidime, cefttriaxone)
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14
Q

Which influenza causes pandemics?

A

Influenza A

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15
Q

Investigations for influenza

A

Increase in hemaglutinin

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16
Q

Treatment of influenza

A

Bed rest + fluids
Paracetamol
Neuraminidase inhibitors (zanamivir, oselramivir)

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17
Q

Treatment of acute bronchitis

A

No antibiotics unless there is chronic underlying lung disease (amoxicillin)

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18
Q

Investigations for pneumonia

A

CXR
FBC - U + E’s, CRP
Sputum culture
CURB65

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19
Q

Treatment of CAP with CURB65 score 0-2?

A

Amoxicillin (doxycycline is allergic)

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20
Q

Treatment of CAP with CURB65 score 3-5?

A

IV co-amoxyclav + clarithromycin/doxycycline

Levafloxicine if allergic

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21
Q

Antibiotic for staph aureus

A

Flucloxacillin

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22
Q

Antibiotics for pneumocystis

A

Co-trimoxazole

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23
Q

Antibiotic for chylamdia pstacci

A

Doxycycline/clarithromycin

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24
Q

Antibiotics for legionella

A

Levafloxicin

Consider rifampricin

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25
Q

Colour of sputum in COPD normally

A

Clear/grey

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26
Q

Treatment of infective exacerbation of COPD

A

iSOAP

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27
Q

Step 1 asthma treatment

A

SABA (salbutamol)

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28
Q

Step 2 of asthma management

A

SABA + inhaled steroid (beclomethasone)

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29
Q

Step 3 of asthma management

A

SABA + inhaled corticosteroid + LABA (salmetarol)

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30
Q

Step 4 of asthma management

A

Trials of

  • leukotriene receptor antagonist (montelukast)
  • theophylline
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31
Q

Step 5 of asthma treatment

A

Oral corticosteroid (prednisolone)

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32
Q

Define severe asthma attack

A

Unable to complete sentences
RR > 25
HR > 110bpm
PEFR

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33
Q

Define life threatening asthma attack

A

PEFR

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34
Q

Symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea

A

Loud snoring
Daytime sleepiness
,opening headache
Overweight

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35
Q

Causes of obstructive sleep apnoea

A

Obesity
COPD
Respiratory depressants

36
Q

Investigations for obstructive sleep apnoea

A

Epworth sleepiness scale
> 10-15 apnoeas in any 1 hour of sleep
Overnight pulse oximetry

37
Q

Treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea

A

Nasal Continuos Positive Airway Pressure (via mask during sleep)

38
Q

Most common cause of bronchiectasis

A

CF

39
Q

Symptoms of bronchiectasis

A

Productive cough
Halitosis
Clubbing
Coarse crackles

40
Q

Treatment of bronchiectasis

A

Postural drainage
Antibiotics
Bronchodilators

41
Q

What is CF?

A 
Mutation in CFTR gene on chromosome 7
Failure of Cl- channels to open 
Increased cAMP
Decreased Cl-
Increased Na+ 
Invpcreased viscosity of airway secretions
42
Q

Investigations for CF

A 
Genetic tests/Family history 
Sweat test (>60)
43
Q

Investigations for TB

A

CXR consolidation

Culture > PCR > ZN stain

44
Q

Side effects of rifampricin

A

Orange body fluids
Hepatitis
Flu-like illness

45
Q

Side effect of isoniazide

A

Neuropathy
Agranulocytosis
Allergic reaction

46
Q

Side effects of pyrazinamide

A

Hepatic toxicity
Reduced renal excretion of urate
Gout

47
Q

Side effects of ethambutol

A

Colour blindness developing to blindness

48
Q

Symptoms of sarcoidosis

A 
Erythema nodosum 
Uveitis 
Peripheral lymphadenopathy 
Fatigue 
Weight loss
49
Q

What type of reaction is sarcoidosis?

A

Type IV hypersensitivity reaction

50
Q

Investigations of sarcoidosis

A

CXR
Restrictive lung pattern
Increased serum ACE
Increased Ca2+

51
Q

Treatment of sarcoidosis

A

Corticosteroids

52
Q

What type of reaction is SLE?

A

Type III hypersensitivity

53
Q

Symptoms of SLE

A

Joint pain
Fatigue
Skin rash
Pleurisy

54
Q

Symptoms of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

A 
Progressive breathlessness 
Dry cough 
Cyanosis 
Fine bilateral end-inspiratory crackles 
Clubbing 
Associated with autoimmune diseases
55
Q

Investigations for IPF

A

CXR - initially ground glass –> honeycombs get
CT (bilateral thick walled cysts)
Restrictive lung pattern (decreased CO transfer)
Anti-nuclear antibodies

56
Q

Treatment of IPF

A

Corticosteroids (prednisolone)

Anti-fibrotic (pirfenidone)

57
Q

What type of reaction is extrinsic allergic alveolitis?

A

Type III hypersensitivity

58
Q

Investigations of extrinsic allergic alveolitis

A

CXR - fluffy upper zone nodular shadows
CT - ground glass opacity
Restrictive lung pattern (decreased CO transfer)
Raised leukocytos and T cells

59
Q

Investigations for coal workers pneumoconiosis

A

Rheumatoid factor and ANAs positive

60
Q

Symptoms of asbestosis

A

Progressive breathlessness
Clubbing
Bilateral basal end-inspiratory crackles

61
Q

Treatment of asbestosis

A

No treatments

Corticosteroids can help symptoms

62
Q

Where do you needle aspirate a pneumothorax?

A

2nd intercostal space mid-clavicular line

63
Q

Where do you insert a chest drain for a pneumothorax?

A

5 PTH intercostal mid-axillary line

64
Q

What is empyema usually a complication of?

A

Pneumonia

65
Q

Treatment of empyema

A

Surgical drainage

66
Q

What is Type I respiratory failure?

A

Hypoxia with normal or low PaCO2

67
Q

Causes of type I respiratory failure

A 
Pneumonia 
Pulmonary oedema 
PE 
Fibrosing alveolitis 
Asthma 
Emphysema 
ARDS
68
Q

What is Type II respiratory failure?

A

Hypoxia + hypercapnia

69
Q

Causes of Type II respiratory failure

A

Pulmonary disease
Neuromuscular disease (GB, MG)
Thoracic wall disease

70
Q

What causes ARDS

A

Stiff lungs due to gas exchange impairment (lung injury, sepsis and pneumonia) fibrous exudate lines alveolar walla CN impairs gas exchange , destroying alveoli

71
Q

Treatment of ARDS

A

Treat underlying condition
Diuretics
Inhaled NO (vasodilator improves V/O) aerosolised surfactant

72
Q

What is cor pulmonale?

A

Right heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension

73
Q

Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension/cor pulmonale

A 
Progressive breathlessness 
Ankle oedema 
Para sternal heave 
Tricuspid regurgitation 
Pulmonary hypertension 
RV Hypertrophy 
Elevated JVP
Ascites
74
Q

Treatment of cor pulmonale

A

Anticoagulants
Diuretics
Oxygen during plane travel

75
Q

Symptoms of PE

A 
Sudden breathlessness 
Sudden chest pain + haemoptysis 
Fever 
Pleural rub 
Raised JVP
76
Q

Investigations for PE

A

D-dimer

V/Q scan

77
Q

Treatment of PE

A

Oxygen
Anticoagulant
IV fluids
FIBRINOLYTIC/THROMBOLYTICS (streptokinase)

78
Q

Symptoms of pulmonary oedema

A 
Breathlessness 
Orthopnoea 
Cough + haemoptysis (pink frothy sputum) 
Leg/abdominal swelling 
Pale skin
79
Q

Treatment of pulmonary oedema

A

Diuretics

Oxygen

80
Q

Symptoms of lung cancer

A 
Cough 
Breathlessness 
Haemoptysis 
Chest pain 
Wheeze 
Hoarseness 
Dysphasia 
Clubbing
81
Q

Hoarseness is caused by compression of what nerve?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

82
Q

What do small cell carcinomas secrete?

A

ACTH

83
Q

What is the most common type of lung cancer?

A

Squamous

84
Q

Most common cancer in non smokers

A

Adenocarcinoma

85
Q

When is surgery contraindicated in lung cancer?

A

Tumour is near hilum
Evidence of metastasis
FEV1 > 1.5L
Vocal cord paralysis

86
Q

What is Coryza?

A

Acute viral infection of the nasal passages (common cold)

AY Respiratory (11 decks)

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