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309 SSAMP > Summary > Flashcards

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1
Q

What is first pass metabolism

A

Drug undergoes metabolism at a specific location of the body

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2
Q

What is bioavailabity

A

the proportion of a drug or other substance which enters the circulation when introduced into the body and so is able to have an active effect.

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3
Q

What is half life t1/2

A

time taken for the drug concentration in the blood plasma to reduce by 1/2. helps to assess stability

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4
Q

What is pharmacokinetics

A

what the body does the drug

ADME- Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion

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5
Q

What is pharmcodynamics

A

What the drug does to the body

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6
Q

What is the class and use of fusidic acid 1%

A

anti microbial and treats bacterial conjunctivitis - POM

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7
Q

What is the class and use of chloramphenicol 0.5% AND 1%

A

anti microbial and treats bacterial conjunctivitis- POM

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8
Q

What is the class and use of Lidocaine with fluoroscein (4% lidocaine and 0.25% fluoroscein)

A

Local anaethetic- POM

  • used for eye procedures such as foreign body removal, fluoroscien helps to visualise corneal abrasions and defects, tonometry for IOP
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9
Q

What is the class and use of Oxybuprocaine 0.4%

A

Local anaethetic - POM

Stronger topical anaesthetic for tonometry, gonioscopy and minor procdures.

Less stinging than tetracaine.

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10
Q

What is the class and use of Tetracaine (0.5% and 1%)

A

Local anaesthetic- POM

Stronger anesthetic for longer procedures like foreign body removal or minor eye surgeries.
More intense burning/stinging than oxybuprocaine or proxymetacaine.

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11
Q

What is the class and use of proxymetacaine 0.5%

A

Local anasethtic POM

Fast-acting and well-tolerated anesthetic for tonometry, gonioscopy, and minor eye procedures.
Causes the least stinging among the local anesthetics.

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12
Q

Onset, duration and stinging of Lidocaine with fluoroscein

A

Onset- 20 s

Duration- 15min

Stinging- moderate

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13
Q

Onset, duration and stinging of Oxybuprocaine

A

Onset- 30s

Duration- 10-15mins

Stinging- mild

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14
Q

Onset, duration and stinging of Tetracine

A

Onset- 30s

Duration- 10-15min

Stinging- strong

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15
Q

Onset, duration and stinging of proxymetacaine

A

Onset- 20s

Duration- 10-15mins

Stinging- very mild

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16
Q

Which LA stings the most and is used for minor eye surgery

A

Tetracine

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17
Q

Which LA stings the least

A

Proxymetacaine

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18
Q

What is the class and use of atropine 1%

A

POM- (Cycloplegic, mydriatic and anti muscarinic)

Long-acting pupil dilation for amblyopia and cycloplegia for diagnostic and therapeutic use (e.g., uveitis).

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19
Q

What is the class and use of cyclopentolate

A

POM- (Cycloplegic & Mydriatic, Antimuscarinic)

Shorter-acting cycloplegia and pupil dilation for eye exams.

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20
Q

What is the class and use of tropicamide

A

POM- (Cycloplegic & Mydriatic, Antimuscarinic)

Shorter-acting cycloplegia and pupil dilation for eye exams.

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21
Q

Which cyclplegic has the shortest duration

A

Tropicamide

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22
Q

Which cycloplegic has the longest duration

A

atropine

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23
Q

What is the class and use of phenylephrine 2.5% and 10%

A

POM- sympathomimetic

Pupil dilation (mydriasis) without cycloplegia for diagnostic or surgical procedures.

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24
Q

What are the two most commonly used ocular lubricants (artifical tears)

A

Hypromellose (Ocular Lubricant) – Used for dry eye relief.

Carbomer Gel (Ocular Lubricant) – Longer-lasting hydration for dry eyes.

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25
What is the class and use of SCG 2%
P at 2%, GSL lower than 2%- mast cell stabiliser Prevents allergic conjunctivitis by stabilising mast cells.
26
What is the use and class of cetirizine tablets
10mg tablets GSL, Higher dose P- antihistamine Systemic antihistamine for allergic eye symptoms (usually in tablet form).
27
What is the use and class of antazoline sulphate
P- Antihistamine Relieves allergic conjunctivitis by reducing histamine effects; xylometazoline helps with eye redness. | also has anticholinergic properties- risks for cardiovascular problems
28
Which drugs are POMs
Cyclopentolate Tropicamide Phenylephrine Fusidic acid Chlormphenicol Lidocaine with fluorsein Oxybuprocaine Tetracaine Proxymetacaine
29
Which drugs are P
Sodium Cromoglicate (2% eye drops), Antazoline Sulfate
30
Which drugs are GSL
Sodium Cromoglicate (1% or lower eye drops), Cetirizine (10 mg standard dose)
31
How are cycloplegic and antimuscarinic similar
They both block the parasympathetic nervous system, leading to pupil dilation and cycloplegia (paralysis of accommodation).
32
Which three drugs all belong to the antimuscarnic group but are commonly referred to as cyclolegics
Cyclopentolate Atropine Tropicamide
33
What is the vicious cylcle in Dry eye | 5 step
1. Tear Film Instability (Poor-Quality Tears) Your tears either evaporate too quickly or don’t spread properly across your eye. This happens due to meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) (lack of oil in tears) or a lack of watery tears. The tear film breaks down, leaving dry spots on your eye. 2. Increased Tear Evaporation & Inflammation With fewer or poor-quality tears, your eye loses moisture faster. The surface of your eye gets inflamed and irritated. Inflammation damages the cells that produce tears, making things worse. 3. Damage to the Eye Surface The dryness and inflammation lead to tiny injuries on the eye’s surface. This triggers more inflammation and makes your eyes even more sensitive and uncomfortable. 4. Nerve Damage & Reduced Tear Production The inflammation damages nerves responsible for signaling your eye to produce tears. As a result, your body produces even fewer tears, worsening the problem. 5. The Cycle Continues With less tear production and more damage, your eyes stay irritated, inflamed, and uncomfortable. The dryness keeps worsening, leading to chronic dry eye disease.
34
What treatment can be used to break the vicious cycle
✔️ Restoring tear film stability (using artificial tears & lipid-based drops) ✔️ Reducing inflammation (using anti-inflammatory drops like steroids or cyclosporine) ✔️ Treating meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) (using warm compresses & eyelid massage) ✔️ Protecting the eye surface (using lubricating gels, ointments, or punctal plugs
35
What is an anti cholinergic drug and what is an example
a class of drugs that block the action of acetylcholine, a chemical messenger in the brain and body
36
What are 4 drugs with anti cholinergic properities
Cyclopentolate Atropine Tropicamide Antazoline sulphate
37
What is an agonist drug
38
What is an agonist drug
activates a specific receptor to produce a desired effect | e.g. pilocarpine which constricts pupils and lowers IOP ## Footnote e.g. pilocarpine which constricts pupils and lowers IOP by stimulating the ciliary muscle to facilitate fluid outflow which alleviates the IOP.
39
What is an antagonist drug
blocks the action of a natural agonist at that receptor, essentially preventing its effect ## Footnote e.g. tropicamide blocks the signals which contracts pupillary sphincter muscle to contract which dilates the pupil
40
Which 2 drugs are stored at 2-8 degrees
Proxymetacaine and Chloramphenicol
41
What is the difference in the discharge of AC and BC
AC- watery discharge BC- mucopurlent yellow green discharge and crusting
42
What is a hallmark sign of conjunctivitis
ocular itching
43
What is a feature of vernal keratoconjunctivits
cobblestone lumps under upper eyelid
44
Do BC and AC effect both eyes
BC - can start in one eye then effect both AC- typically always both
45
How does fusidic acid work
Prevents translocation of elongation factor G (EF-G) – Fusidic acid works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis.)
46
What is the primary cause of posterior uveitis
toxoplasmosis (infection caused by eating undercooked meat)
47
Why is acetacolamide contradicted in pregnancy
teratogenic effects
48
Which drop should not be used in those with narrow angles
atropine
49
Which topical eye drop has the highest risk of systemic hypertension
Phenylephrine
50
Which ocular anesthetic is an ester-based agent with a rapid onset and short duration?
Proxymetacaine
51
Which anti microbial is safer in neonates due to lower systemic toxicity
Fusidic acid
52
What bacteria is most common in CL wearers
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
53
Why should beta blockers be used cautiously
they can cause bradycardia
54
What is the first line treatment for First-line treatment for bacterial keratitis
Topical fluoroquinolones
55
Which red eye condition blanches with phenylephrine
Episcleritis
56
What ocular complication can prolonged topical steriod use cause
Glaucoma
57
What is the first line treatment for CL related bacterial keratitis
Topical fluoroquinolones
58
Which drug is contraindicated in narrow-angle glaucoma due to its mydriatic effect?
tropicamide
59
Which drug should be avoided in a patient taking MAO inhibitors?
Phenylephrine
60
Which of the following is a primary indication for oral acetazolamide?
acute angle closure glaucoma
61
Which drug should be used with caution in patients with asthma due to the risk of bronchospasm?
timolol
62
Which of the following drugs can be used to reverse the effects of phenylephrine-induced mydriasis?
pilocarpine
63
Is increased IOP a typical feature of anterior uveitis?
NO
64
Is a dendritic ulver a classic finding of herpes simplex keratitis
YES
65
Which drug is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used in glaucoma treatment?
Brimonidine
66
Is timolol a beta blocker used to lower IOP
yes
67

309 SSAMP (12 decks)

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