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sense of hearing > summary > Flashcards

summary Flashcards

1
Q

two main areas of hearing science

A
  1. physiological acoustics
    - The study of the function of structures within an organism that are involved in hearing
    applications
    - The effects of prescription drugs on hearing
    - The design of a replacement cochlea
  2. psychoacoustics
    - The relation between sound and how it is perceived
    applications
    - Examining infant hearing
    - processing limitations of persons with hearing loss
    - high quality music properties
    - Examining theories of learning and detection
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2
Q

Why is the transfer function higher frequencies for infants than for adults

A

Because the structures of the infants hearing mechanisms are smaller and therefore they boost higher frequency sounds more

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3
Q

What functional subdivisions of the ear are linear and what does that mean

A

middle ear and outer ear are linear (no distortion, can predict complex tones based on pure tones)

middle ear = nonlinear

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4
Q

What are combination tones

A

cubic difference tones or distortion products that you can hear

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5
Q

What are simple difference tones (include equation)

A

f2-f1

tones that occur for real high levels of presentation

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6
Q

what are cubic difference tones (include equation)

A

2f1-f2

occurs for low levels of presentation

OHCs generate it

used to assess newborn hearing

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7
Q

Azimuth

A

horizontal direction expressed as the angular distance between a fixed point and the direction of an object

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8
Q

What are the three air filled spaces comprising the middle ear

A

tympanic cavity
epitympanic recess
mastoid air cells

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9
Q

What is the composition of the tympanic membrane

A

pars tensa
- 3 layers
- outer layer: skin
- middle layer: dense fibers
- medial layer: mucous lining

pars flaccida
- upper portion of the TM
only 3% of area

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10
Q

3 scala of the cochlea

A

scala vestibuli
scala media
scala tympani

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11
Q

what are the physical characteristics of the basilar membrane

A

apex = thin, bendy (low frequencies)

base = thick, stiff (high frequencies)

paradoxical traveling wave

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12
Q

What does it mean that the basilar membrane is a paradoxical traveling wave

A

if you stimulate the apical end, the basal end still moves first

click stimuli stimulates the whole cochlea at the same time, apical end is slower to respond so the basal end moves first

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13
Q

What are the physical characteristics of the hair cells

A

OHC = 3 layers, W or V formation of stereocilia, motility

IHC = 1 layer, U formation of stereocilia, no motility

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14
Q

What is OHC motility?

A

the ability of an organism to move independently using metabolic energy

allows them to emit their own sound

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15
Q

What are cochlear resting potentials (and the two kinds)

A

two voltages that are present even when sound isn’t being presented

type 1: endocochlear potentials: extracellular

type 2: hair cell potentials: intracellular

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16
Q

What is the total voltage gradient between the EC and HC potential

A

160 mV

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17
Q

What are stimulus related cochlear potentials (types)

A

cochlear microphonic
- mimics the input stimulus

summating potential
- DC potential
- shifts everything in one direction
- important for diagnosis of Meniere’s disease (people have an abnormally large summating potential)

18
Q

What are compound action potentials or whole nerve potentials

A

neurons firing when they are stimulated

19
Q

What is the Davis Battery Model of the cochlea

A

explains that a flashlight needs two batteries (just like there are two cochlear potentials)

need both batteries (cochlear potential) for the flashlight (cochlea) to work

the batteries have a resting potential (like the cochlear resting potentials) that are waiting to be used until the flashlight is turned on (waiting for a sound to stimulate the cochlea so they can create the stimulus potentials)

20
Q

Radial fibers

A

type of afferent fiber
- comprise 85-95% of the total number of afferent fibers

innervate IHC exclusively
20:1 IHC ratio

responsible for carrying info about sound to the brain

21
Q

Outer spiral fibers

A

type of afferent fiber
- comprise 5-15% of remaining fibers

innervate OHC exclusively

unmyelinated, skinny, and slow conducting

1:10 ratio

unknown function

22
Q

What is prestin?

A

a protein that is found in the OHCs, which is evidence for their motility

23
Q

Outer ear primary function

A
  • protect middle ear
  • provide gains for high frequencies
  • assist in sound localization
24
Q

primary function of middle ear

A

transduce acoustic energy into mechanical energy

25
Q

primary function of the inner ear

A

transduce mechanical energy into electrical energy/signals

26
Q

top-down processing

A

cognitive information

using prior knowledge to make an assumption about a stimuli

27
Q

bottom up processing

A

sensory information (data)

collection data and information in order to gather the details before making an assumption

28
Q

Effect of the spherical head on sound pressure/transmission

A

the sound bounces off the head adding to the sound coming in (about 6dB for higher frequencies)

29
Q

Effect of the Ear Canal and Concha on sound pressure/transmission

A

ambient pressure create a pressure gradient in the ear canal which works with the smaller cavity of the ear canal to create resonance at a higher frequency

30
Q

What is the middle ear transfer function (input and output) and what does it show

A

input: sound at the tympanic membrane

output: the movement of the stapes or the pressure changes in the fluid of the cochlea

Shows you that it’s a bandpass filter
- it passes some mid frequencies really well, but some low frequencies are attenuated

31
Q

What does the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity contain

A

tympanic membrane (pars tensa and pars flaccida)

32
Q

What does the medial wall of the tympanic cavity contain

A

oval and round window and promontory

33
Q

What does the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity contain

A

tubal opening of the eustachian tube

34
Q

What does the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity contain

A

additus (for mastoid bone cells)

35
Q

How does the middle ear match the impedance of air to that of the cochlear fluids (3 ways)

A

Area ratio
curvature of the TM
lever action

36
Q

What is evidence that the cochlear amplifier is linked to the outer hair cells

A

motility
once OHCs are damaged, there aren’t OAEs

37
Q

What are otoacoustic emissions (definition and types)

A

sound emitted from the ear

type 1: spontaneous
- occurs in roughly 50% of ears

type 2: evoked
a. transient
- slower, better assess mid-frequency range
b. distortion
- faster, better for higher frequencies

38
Q

What is the evidence that the BM is not linear

A

the fact that the BM produces otoacoustic emissions (distortion)

39
Q

What is the role of the ossicles

A

transmit sound from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea

40
Q

the output of 2 or more inputs applied at the same time is equal to what?

A

the sum of the output if the two inputs had been applied separately

41
Q

what is the reference for dB

A

input spectrum *

sense of hearing (5 decks)

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