Summaries Flashcards
How did Fleming discover penicillin
By accident, on holiday, mould from sandwich kills bacteria on Petri dish
What experiments did Florey and Chain do which showed the true potential of antibiotics
They experimented on a policeman who had a rose in his mouth, it kept him alive while it lasted
 What impact did World War II have on the development of penicillin
Fleming was inspired by working in a WWI ward, penicillin saved 15% in World War I
Three types of antibiotic developed since World War II and what they treat
Streptomycin treats tuberculosis
Tetracycline treats mitomycin
Cortisone treats arthritis
What happened with the Thalidomide drug
It lead to pregnant women giving birth to deformed babies
When were polio, measles and rubella vaccines introduced
Polio – 1955
measles - 1964
rubella – 1969
What do MRI and CAT scanners do
MRI – monitors brain activity to find tumours
CAT– 3-D x-rays
What is alternative medicine
Anything that isn’t scientific, mainstream – herbs, oil, acupuncture, hypnotherapy
What are superbugs
Bacteria that’s resistant to antibiotics
How does phage therapy work
Isolate bacteria, select a phage (virus) engineer it in a lab, it’s injected into the body and because it’s modified to target a specific bacteria, it injects into the bacteria and reproduces until the bacteria bursts
Five facts about the Spanish flu outbreak of 1918–1919
20–40 million died, 20% infected died, it targeted people 20–40, it evolved from bird flu, it was originally known as the three day fever
How did people treat the Spanish flu
Gauze mask, Stay in bed, drink beef tea, gargle salt water
When was the first kidney transplant., First pacemaker, first hip placement
Kidney transplant – 1952 (1960 in UK)
Pacemaker – 1958
Hip replacement – 1972
What is keyhole surgery
Small incision, small fibre optic camera inserted
What is laser surgery used for
Eye surgery, remove tumours, clear arteries, replaced scalpels
What do endoscopy cameras do
Go inside the body for precision during surgery so that the surgeon can see inside
Why do some people oppose the use of technology in medicine
Morally wrong, in the way of gods plan, humans playing God, Illegal trade in organs
How did the boer war force the government to improve health
40% of men were unfit to serve in the war, in some places 90%
What did booth and rowntree prove
They were social investigators, they proved that York and London are riddled with more poverty than the government says, 3/10 below poverty line in London
Why did the creation of the Labour Party force the liberals to promise changes for the poor
The labourers would’ve won because they were offering better things for workers and the majority of voters were working class
Find four limitations of the liberal reforms
Only half of the authorities set up free school meals, it only helped the very poorest, not many lived to 70 to get patients, only seasonal trades
How did WWII change the attitudes of British people
People had lived through bad things and thought they deserved better public health
Summarise the 1942 beverage report
Britain had the five giants of poverty, the government need to take care of people from cradle to grave
Three improvements introduced by the welfare state
Free doctors, free healthcare, sick pay
What do the NHS terms cradle to grave and free at the point of delivery mean
To be looked after from birth to death
Not completely free - tax - but when you need it it’s free
Who objected to the NHS
41,000 / 45,000 doctors because they couldn’t charge what they wanted
Why were new towns like Milton Keynes built
To move people into greener settings - the great smog in London 2012
Spacious housing
What are the 5 giants of poverty
Disease, want, ignorance, idleness, squalor
