Individuals

Question 1

Medieval - John arderne

Answer 1

In the short term, he was a surgeon with a 50% success rate in anus surgery. He worked in the 100 years war, he developed a painkilling ointment of hemlock, opium and henbane.
In the long term, he wrote A practice for surgery in 1350, challenging Galen and Hippocrates with safer techniques

Question 2

Medieval - mayor of Coventry

Answer 2

In 1421, he proclaimed that every man had to clean the street in front of their house or be fined 12 pennies.
Waste collection was sold to farmers. waste disposal locations and dunghills were moved out of the city and all toilets/waste was banned from rivers for cleaner water.

Question 3

Medieval - Ibn al-nafis

Answer 3

In the short term, he made a great anatomical discovery about the pulmonary circulation, he discovered how blood circulated through the heart, disapproving galens theory on types of blood.
In the long term he influenced William Harvey, who discovered the complete circulatory system in the 17th century.

Question 4

Medieval - rhazes

Answer 4

In the short term, he was the head doctor in a Baghdad hospital. He considered allergies, and noticed that fevers were a natural healing method by the body.
In the long term, he wrote El Hawi and 200 other medical works with detailed descriptions of diseases, gained through observation

Question 5

Medieval - Avicenna

Answer 5

In the short term, he anaesthetised patients using cannabis and opium, he used mercury and alcohol as antiseptics, and he had rules about hygiene.
In the long term, he wrote canon of medicine which is a combination of his own, galens and Hippocrates ideas. His work was translated into Latin and widely used in the West. It was used as a medicine textbook well until the 17th century.

Question 6

Early modern - John hunter

Answer 6

In the short term, he was an army surgeon in the seven years war, dealt with emergency gunshot wounds, nicknamed father of scientific surgery, believed in letting nature heal deep wounds shown by aneurysm experiment in 1785
In the long term, he wrote books, e.g. natural history of teeth 1771 He performed dissections to improve knowledge of anatomy, member of Royal company of surgeons, trained future surgeons, such as Jenner, made discoveries about infections, cancer, and blood circulation

Question 7

Early modern - paré

Answer 7

In the short term, he was an army doctor in the seige of Milan, experimental, He ran out of cauterisation oil so used a mixture of egg yolk, turpentine and rose oil, more successful and less painful
In the long term invented better treatments which were used for centuries, e.g. using ligatures to tie off wounds, invented crows beak clamp to stop bleeding, developed artificial limbs, observed patients and wrote les oeuvres in 1575, widely used

Question 8

Early modern - Edward Jenner

Answer 8

In short term he overheard Sarah Nelmes say she would never have an ugly pock marked face as she has had cowpox, Injected eight year old James Phipps, his gardeners son with cowpox pus, then smallpox once he recovered and he was fine. He wrote An inquiry into the causes and effects of cowpox in 1798, given £10,000 by the government in 1802 to continue his research.
In the long term he died in 1823, but by 1853 it was compulsory for all and in 1980 it was eradicated, other diseases have almost been wiped out due to vaccinations e.g. measles, polio

Question 9

Early modern - William Harvey

Answer 9

In the short term, his book On the motion of the heart challenged Galen, experimented on animals, discovered the blood pumped in a circular motion, experimented on a patients forearm to prove blood was pumping and it was impossible to have too much of it, reduced blood letting
In the long term, he helped the understanding of the heart and kidney disease, work helped the discovery of capillaries sixty years later

Question 10

Early modern - Vesalius

Answer 10

In the short term, he challenged Galen by actually dissecting humans, published de humani corporis fabrica which explained how systems in the body worked e.g. skeleton muscles, nerves etc, which helped surgeons at the time
In the long-term, his knowledge was shared with the world and used in European medical schools, barber surgeons in London used his ideas in their manuals

Question 11

19th century - Louis Pasteur

Answer 11

In the short term, he established a link between germs and disease, vineyard, swan neck flask, silk worms, wrote germ theory 1861, Invented pasteurisation, proved micro organisms in the air were responsible for disease, discrediting spontaneous generation. developed effective vaccines to target specific diseases, first work on chicken cholera, solution left exposed and attenuated, chamberland immunised chicken, led to an effective vaccine against rabies in 1880
In the long term his work was taken on by Koch and Erhlich

Question 12

19th century - Robert Koch

Answer 12

In the short term, he was able to link particular germs to particular diseases, used a stain to identify bacteria, in 1882 identified bacillus that caused tuberculosis and a year later the ones for cholera, he and his students rapidly isolated the cause of many diseases, e.g. diphtheria, typhoid, plague, whooping cough, all of which were major killing diseases in Britain
In the long term his work was developed by ehrlich

Question 13

19th century - Paul ehrlich

Answer 13

In the short term he was one of Kochs students, He epitomises the scientific approach to identifying and treating diseases, best known for Salvarsan 606 developed in 1910 first effective treatment for syphilis, 606th drug he had used to try, discovered antibodies in the blood
In the long term he had created the first magic bullet, carefully designed drugs targeting specific germs causing an illness, having little to no effect on any other part of the body

Question 14

19th century - Joseph lister

Answer 14

The biggest killer in operations was infection, he started using an operated room sterilised using carbolic acid, the wounds an dressings also soaked in it, death rate fell from 46% to 15% in three years, in 1871 he invented a machine to spray carbolic acid over everything, published results in 1867 but the acid irritated lungs and skin, known as father of antiseptic surgery

Question 15

19th century - James Simpson

Answer 15

He used chloroform to reduce pain in childbirth, caused dizziness, sleepiness, and unconsciousness, used it on Queen Victoria to give birth in 1853, which gained it popularity, He also improved forceps used for delivery, it had to be given in careful doses

Question 16

19th century - John snow

Answer 16

In the short term, he published a book in 1849, claiming cholera was spread by dirty water instead of bad air, laughed at, in 1850 700 people died from cholera so he mapped the death locations and found they all got water from the Broad street pump, removed the handle and the disease stopped.
In the long-term his work was before germ theory, but he did influence the public health act of 1875 and the sanitary act of 1866

Question 17

20th century - Harold Gillies

Answer 17

In the short term, he developed new techniques to treat facial injuries, over 5000 soldiers had grafted skin put on their injuries, he could rebuild faces, became the pioneer of plastic surgery
In the long term, he inspired Sir Archibald McIndoe in World War II, he improved skin grafting on burned airmen and spent lots of time helping patients to re-integrate

Question 18

20th century - booth and rowntree

Answer 18

Booth investigated London, and wrote the book Life and labour of the people of London, found 31% live below the poverty line, 85% of poverty was due to low wages and unemployment. Rowntree investigated York, found that 28% were in poverty, politicians saw their work and wanted direct government action, research helped lead to the liberal reforms of 1906 -1918

Question 19

20th century - Alexander Fleming

Answer 19

During World War I, he was sent to study wounded soldiers, decided to look for something to kill the microbes that caused disease, Fleming was investigating Staphylococci germs when he went on holiday, spores from mouldy bread left in his lab got into the petri dish and killed the germ, mould was penicillin and we call it an antibiotic now, didn’t have funds to develop the drug, inspired Florey and chain

Question 20

20th century - Karl Landsteiner

Answer 20

In the short term, he discovered there were different blood types to match donors and transfusions, later discovered anticoagulant would make the blood last 28 days, in 1915 the first blood banks were used for battle casualties.
In the long term 700,000 donors were used by World War II

Question 21

20th century - Florey and Chain

Answer 21

In the short term, they read Flemings work and turned their lab into a penicillin producing factory, experimented on a policeman with an infection from a rose thorn, was a success until they run out of penicillin and he died, in World War II the US government paid drug companies to produce vast quantities, 15% of all soldiers would’ve died without the drug
In the long term after the war, this so-called wonder drug was widely used to treat stuff like boils, wounds and abscesses, other antibiotics such as streptomycin were developed and since then millions of lives have been saved

Question 22

20th century - William beveridge

Answer 22

Wrote a report about the state of Britain during the war, the 1942 beveridge report claimed the people of Britain deserve to be three of the five Giants of poverty: disease, want, ignorance, idleness, and poor living conditions. He said that the government should care for the people from the cradle to the grave, his report sold 100,000 copies.