summa 3 Flashcards
a combination of mineral and organic matter, water, and air - that portion of the regolith that supports the growth of plants
soil
comes from rhegos and lithos - the layer of rock and mineral fragments produced by withering
regolith
rhegos
blanket
lithos
stone
components of agricultural soil
45% mineral
25% air
25% water
5% organic matter
composition of organic matter
10% organisms
10% roots
80% humus
factors in soil formation
parent material, climate, topography,
biological factors, time
whenever the soil is weathered directly from the underlying rock,they are called as
residual soils
moving water, ice, or wind may transfer the soil from the parent material and they are called as
transferred soil
soil from bedrock
residual soil
soil carried from elsewhere
transferred soil
____ and ____ can cause diff patterns of weathering
temp and the amount of moisture
the ____ redistributes sand and other particles
wind
the ____,____, and ____ influence soil formation
amount, intensity, and kind of precipitation
climate
amount of moisture available
temp
chemical reaction speed
rate of plant growth
factors in topography
angle and orientation
____ affects the moisture and the temp of soil
slope
slopes facing the sun are warmer and steep soils may be ____ and lose their ____
eroded; topsoil
angle - steep
poorly developed soil
angle - flat to undulating surface
best!
the direction where the slope is facing
orientation
orientation
soil temp and moisture
animals and microorganisms mix soil by forming ___ and ___
burrows and pores
soil properties
texture, structure, moisture, biotic content, chemical composition
refers to the proportion of diff. particle size
texture
large size
sand
small size
clay
a mixture of sand , silt, clay
loam
it provides good aeration and drainage properties of large particles with nutrient - retention and water - holding ability of clay particles
loam
kind of soil which is best for agricultural processes
loam
loose and partly decayed organic matter
O horizon
mineral matter mixed with humus
A horizon
light colored particles. zone of eluviation and leaching
E horizon
accumulation of clay transported from above
B horizon
partially altered parent material
C horizon
soil conservation practices
contour farming, strip farming, terracing, waterways, winbreaks
It refers to the tilling at right angles to the slope of the land.
contour farming
It is one of the simplest methods for preventing soil erosion. This practice is useful on gentle slopes.
contour farming
This series of small ridges at right angles to the slope acts as a dam to prevent water from running down in order to allow more water to soak into the soil
contour farming
It is practiced when a slope is too steep or too long.
strip farming
In _____ farming, alternating strips are closely sown on crops such as corn. The closely sown crops stop the flow of water, which reduces soil erosion and allows more water to be absorbed into the ground
strip
One practical method of preventing soil erosion on a very steep land is to construct terraces. Terraces are level areas constructed at right angles to the slope to retain water and greatly reduce the amount of erosion.
terracing
______ are depressions on sloping land where water collects and flows off the land. However, when not properly maintained, it is susceptible to erosion.
waterways
The wind may cause soil erosion. ______ are planting of trees or other plants that protect the bare soil from the full force of the wind. It reduces the speed of the wind and decreases the amount of soil that is carried away.
windbreaks
soil quality management components
Enhance organic matter
Avoid excessive tillage
Manage pests and nutrients efficiently
Prevent soil compaction
Keep the ground covered
Diversify cropping systems
is the generation, prevention, characterization, monitoring, treatment, handling, reuse, and residual disposition of solid wastes.
waste management
It is generally made up of objects or particles that accumulate on the site where they are produced.
solid waste
types of solid wastes
Hazardous Waste
Agricultural Waste
Industrial Solid Waste
Municipal Solid Waste
is generated from households, offices, hotels, shops, schools and other institutions.
municipal solid wastes (msw)
The major components are food waste, paper, plastic, rags, metal and glass, although demolition and construction debris is often included in collected waste, as are small quantities of hazardous waste, such as electric light bulbs, batteries, automotive parts and discarded medicines and chemicals.
municipal solid wastes
in the Asian and Pacific Region, as elsewhere, encompasses a wide range of materials of varying environmental toxicity
industrial solid waste
Typically, this range would include paper, packaging materials, waste from food processing, oils, solvents, resins, paints and sludges, glass, ceramics, stones, metals, plastics, rubber, leather, wood, cloth, straw, abrasives, etc.
industrial solid wastes
Expanding agricultural production has naturally resulted in increased quantities of livestock waste, agricultural crop residues and agro-industrial by-products
agricultural waste and residues
Our country has a lot of this type of wastes. This type of waste should be handled properly because of its biodegradability in nature and prone to foul odor.
agricultural waste and residues
Most ________ is the by-product of a broad spectrum of industrial, agricultural and manufacturing processes, nuclear establishments, hospitals and health-care facilities
hazardous waste
.Primarily, high-volume generators of industrial _________ are the chemical, petrochemical, petroleum, metals, wood treatment, pulp and paper, leather, textiles and energy production plants (coal-fired and nuclear power plants and petroleum production plants).
hazardous waste
