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summa 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

the practice of extracting minetald and metals from the earth

A

mining

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2
Q

process of mineral extraction from a rock seam or ore

A

mining

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3
Q

natural rock or sediment containing one or more valuable material

A

ore

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4
Q

uses geophysical techniques that involves measuring the magnetic, gravity, and sonic responses of rocks above and around a prospective mineral ore body

A

modern mining

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5
Q

minerals that are abundant and close to the surface use this kind of mining

A

surface mining

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6
Q

The steps enumerated below are used or considered based on how they are needed during exploration. These steps are written within the context of a general exploration project where some activities may vary depending on the type of commodity being explored.

A

Mineral Exploration

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7
Q

This is the initial stage in formulating a project. This involves review of all available data (geologic reports, mining history, maps, etc.), government requirements in acquiring the project, review of social, environmental, political and economic acceptability of the project, and budget and organization proposals.

A

project design

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8
Q

these are included in the project design

A

geologic reports, mining history, maps,

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9
Q

the process in the project design

A

Stop-Go Design

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10
Q

This stage involves physical activities in the selected project area.

A

field exploration

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11
Q

The main objective is to identify targets or interesting mineralized zones covering a relatively large area (regional). In general, the activities involve regional surface investigation and interpretation.

A

regional reconnaissance

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12
Q

utilized to extract ores that are close to the surface

A

surface mining

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13
Q

the most common type of surface mining

A

open-pit mining

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14
Q

means big hole in the ground

A

open-pit mining

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15
Q

the pit in the mine is created by

A

blasting explosives and drillings

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16
Q

used to mine gravel and sand and even rock

A

open-pit mining

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17
Q

removal of a thin strip of overburden(earth or soil) above a desired deposit

A

strip mining

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18
Q

dumping the removed overburden behind the deposit, extracting the desired deposit, creating a second parallel strip in the manner, and depositing the waste materials from that second(new strip on to the first strip

A

strip mining

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19
Q

this type of surface mining is used for coal, phosphates, clays, and tar mining

A

strip mining

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20
Q

minerals that can be obtained through strip mining

A

coal, phosphate, clays, tar

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21
Q

mining of minerals from a body of water

A

dredging

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22
Q

mining of stream deposits for minerals

A

placer mining

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23
Q

kind of mining when overburden is too great for removal

A

undergroubd mining

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24
Q

used to extract minerals beneath the earth’s surface

A

underground mining

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25
Q

this type of mining is more dangerous and expensive

A

underground mining

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26
Q

creating tunnels

A

underground mining

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27
Q

activities that involves regional investigation and interpretation

A

regional reconaissance

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28
Q

involves more detailed surface and subsurface activities with the objective of finding and delineating or mineralized zones

A

detailed exploration

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29
Q

assessing market profitability by (1) extensive resource, geotechnical, and engineering drilling, (2) metallurgic testing, and (3) environmental and societal cost assessment

A

project evaluation

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30
Q

the thing being assessed in project evaluation

A

extensive resources, geotechnical, and engineering drilling, metallurgic testing, environmental and societal cost assessment.

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31
Q

it determines and validates the accuracy of all data and information collected from diff. stages.

A

pre-production feasibility study

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32
Q

the purpose is for independent assessors to satisfy interested investors fund and bring the project into production

A

pre-production feasibility study

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33
Q

the extracted rocks will under go process of mineral ________ & _________

A

separation and recovery

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34
Q

the first stage of controlled size reduction

A

crushing and screening

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35
Q

step after crushing and screening

A

grinding

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36
Q

crushed rocks are submerged in liquid where the heavier/denser metals sink thus are separated from lighter materials

A

heavy metal seperation

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37
Q

this method is used in separating chalcopyrite from quartz before refining process of extracting copper

A

heavy metal separation

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38
Q

if the metal or mineral is magnetic, the crushed ore is separated fro, the waste materials using a powerful magnet

A

magnetic separation

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39
Q

the powdered ore is placed into an aggitated and frothy slurry where some minerals and metals based on physical and chemical properties may either sink or may stick to the bubbles and rise, thus separating the minerals and metals from the waste

A

flotation

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40
Q

this method is used for low-grade gold

A

cyanide heap leaching

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41
Q

the crushed rock is placed on a “leach pike” where cyanide solution is sprayed or dripped on top of the pile. As the leach solution perculates down through the rocks, the solution is processed further to extract gold

A

cyanide heap leaching

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42
Q

these are formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms

A

fuossil fuels

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43
Q

3 kinds of fossiel fuels

A

coal, petroleum(oil), natural gas

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44
Q

fossil fuels contain high percentage of ________

A

carbon

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45
Q

it started forming over 350 mil years agi, through the transformation of organic plant matter

A

coal

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46
Q

it is a combustible, black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams

A

coal

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47
Q

the harder forms, such as _______ coal, can be regarded metamorphic rock because of exposure to elevated temp. and pressure

A

anthracite

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48
Q

what are the other elements that compose a coal other than carbon?

A

hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen

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49
Q

also called as coal-bearing period

A

carboniferous

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50
Q

the most favorable conditions for formations of coal occurred

A

360 mil to 290 mil years ago

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51
Q

290 mil to 250 mil

A

permian era

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52
Q

250 mil to 65 mil

A

mesozoic era

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53
Q

they are different kinds of coal ranked according to their _____________

A

carbon and volatile matter content

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54
Q

86-98% pure carbon and 8-3% volatile matter

A

Anthracite Coal

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55
Q

70-86% carbon and 46-31% volatile matter

A

Bituminous Coal

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56
Q

70-76% carbon and 53-42% volatile matter

A

Sub-Bituminous Coal

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57
Q

65-70% carbon and 63-53% volatile matter

A

Lignite

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58
Q

it consists primarily of decomposed vegetation.

A

peat

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59
Q

carbon content of less than 60% and is entirely compose of volatile matter

A

Peat

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60
Q

a poor fuel that was once used throughout Europe in form of dried briquettes for heating, but today is used in just some regions like Ireland

A

Peat

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61
Q

Anaerobic means

A

No Air

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62
Q

how coal is formed:

A
  1. before the dinosaurs, many giant plants died in swamps due to anaerobic decomposition
  2. over millions of years , the plants were buried under water and dirt.
  3. heat and pressure turned dead plants into coal
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63
Q

how is petroleum(oil) formed?

A
  1. tiny sea and plants died and were buried into the ocean floor. Over time they were covered by layers of silt and sand
  2. over mils of years, the remains were buried deeper and deeper. the enormous heat and pressure turned them into oil and gas
  3. today we drill down through layers of sand, silt, and rock to reach the rock formations that contain oil and gas deposits
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64
Q

oil and gas are formed from

A

organic matter from dead plants and animals

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65
Q

these _____ takes millions of years to form under specific pressure and temperature conditions

A

hydrocarbons

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66
Q

these hydrocrabons takes millions of years to form under specific _______

A

pressure and temperature conditions

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67
Q

when a living organism dies, it is recycled in one of two ways:

A

-eaten by predators
-it oxidizes through exposure wtih air or oxygen-rich water and it breaks down into water (H2O), carbon dioxide(CO2), nitrates, sulfates, and phosphates that nourishes new plants.

68
Q

at a depth of 2000m, when the temperatures reaches 100C, kerogen starts to release

A

hydrocarbons

69
Q

between 2000 and 3800m, it turns into

A

oil

70
Q

the depth interval where oil is formed is called

A

oil window

71
Q

when the source rock sinks further, to between 3800 and 5000m,

A

production of liquid hydrocarbon peaks

72
Q

this liquids produced become increasingly lighter and gradually turned into

A

methane gas

73
Q

the lightest hydrocarbon

A

methane gas

74
Q

the depth interval bet 3800 to 5000m is called

A

gas window

75
Q

there are not hydrocarbons below a depth of _______ bc they are destroyed by high temp.

A

8 to 10km

76
Q

there are not hydrocarbons below a depth of 8 to 10km bc they are destroyed by ____

A

high temperature

77
Q

if organic debris is composed mostly of animal origin, it will produce

A

oil

78
Q

if organic debris is composed mostly of __________, it will produce oil than gas

A

animal origin

79
Q

if its composed mainly of plant debris, the source rock will produce

A

gas

80
Q

if its composed mainly of ______, the source rock will produce gas

A

plant debris

81
Q

it takes ______ for dead animals to become liquid hydrocarbons

A

60 million years

82
Q

It is hardly surprising, therefore, that oil is classified as a _______

A

non-renewable energy source.

83
Q

Electrical energy generation using steam turbines involves three energy conversions:

A

-extracting thermal energy from the fuel and using it to raise steam
-converting the thermal energy of the steam into kinetic energy in the turbine
-and using a rotary generator to convert the turbine’s mechanical energy into electrical energy

84
Q

as you descend into the Earth’s crust, underground rock and water become

A

hotter

85
Q

This heat can be recovered using different ________ depending on the temperature. But the heat resources in geothermal reservoirs are not inexhaustible

A

geothermal technologies

86
Q

the geothermal comes from Greek words ______ and ______

A

geo (earth) and thermos (heat)

87
Q

rock reservoirs that contain groundwater

A

aquifers

88
Q

It covers all techniques used to recover the heat that is naturally present in the Earth’s subsurface, particularly in aquifers, the rock reservoirs that contain groundwater

A

geothermal

89
Q

. About half this thermal (or “heat”) energy comes from the _____ produced when the planet was formed 4.5 billion years ago and about half from natural radioactivity.

A

residual heat

90
Q

About half this thermal (or “heat”) energy comes from the residual heat produced when the planet was formed 4.5 billion years ago and about half from ________.

A

natural radioactivity

91
Q

the temp of geothermal water increases with depth, depending on the

A

thermal gradient

92
Q

the average value of gradient worldwide is

A

3C per 100m of depth

93
Q

the gradient varies between ________ depending on the physical conditions and geology of the region

A

1C to 10C per 100m

94
Q

At 20°C to 90°C, geothermal heat and water are used for geothermal heating

A

low-temperature geothermal energy

95
Q

At 90°C to 160°C, the water is used on the surface in liquid form. It transfers its heat to another fluid, which vaporizes at low temperature and drives a turbine to generate power.

A

medium-temperature geothermal energy

96
Q

At temperatures above 160°C, the water turns into steam when it reaches the Earth’s surface. It drives turbines to generate power

A

high-temperature geothermal energy

97
Q

harnesses extremely hot water and steam from beneath the Earth to generate electricity in dedicated power plants.

A

medium and high-temperature geothermal energy

98
Q

The average geothermal heat flow — the energy available for any given surface area and period — on the surface is ______

A

low

99
Q

The geothermal heat flow averages _____ watts per square meter per year, or 3,500 times less than the solar energy flow received in a single year by the same surface area.

A

0.06

100
Q

the geothermal heat flow averages 0.06 watts per square meter per year, or _______ less than the solar energy flow received in a single year by the same surface area.

A

3,500 times

101
Q

Heat sources within the Earth’s crust, mainly ______

A

radioactivity and residual heat

102
Q

Energy from outside the reservoir (solar heat) for very low-temperature applications using ________

A

heat pumps

103
Q

Energy from outside the reservoir (solar heat) for very low-temperature applications using ________

A

heat pumps

104
Q

Ensuring that these reservoirs will be _____- is especially crucial for geothermal heat pumps: external factors, such as low winter temperatures, cool the subsurface, meaning that less heat is available to be harnessed.

A

reheated

105
Q

Ensuring that these reservoirs will be reheated is especially crucial for geothermal heat pumps: external factors, such as _________meaning that less heat is available to be harnessed.

A

low winter temperatures, cool the subsurface,

106
Q

The circulation of _______ on contact with heat sources located away from the reservoir before returning to the reservoir.

A

groundwater that is reheated

107
Q

Therefore, these heat resources must be _____ to use a reservoir in a sustainable manner.

A

replenished

108
Q

the availability of geothermal energy is

A

geographically limited

109
Q

thermal energy, contained in Earth, can be used to

A

directly supply heat

110
Q

Thermal energy, contained in the earth, can be used directly to supply heat or can be converted to ______

A

mechanical or electrical energy.

111
Q

the most widely use kind of power plant

A

hydropower power plant

112
Q

hydropower plants produce ____ of renewable energy

A

83%

113
Q

out of all kinds of plants, from hydropower to geothermal what is the most common part

A

turbine

114
Q

in hydropower, the deeper the dam, the higher the

A

energy

115
Q

renewable means

A

can be replenished easily

116
Q

the world’s leading renewable energy source

A

hydropower

117
Q

the kinetic energy generated by moving water has been used by mankind for centuries, to drive watermills that produce ____________

A

mechanical energy

118
Q

The ________ generated by moving water has been used by humankind for centuries, to drive watermills that produce mechanical energy.

A

kinetic energy

119
Q

Modern hydropower, sometimes referred to as “_______,” is harnessed in plants where electricity is generated.

A

white coal

120
Q

Around ___ countries use hydropower to produce more than a fifth of their electricity.

A

40

121
Q

Hydropower accounts for __% of electricity worldwide, behind coal and gas, but ahead of nuclear.

A

16

122
Q

3 components of a hydroelectric power plant

A

dam, penstock, powerhouse

123
Q

A ____ that creates a large waterfall and stores enough water to supply the plant at all times. As well as producing and storing energy, a dam also helps to regulate flooding.

A

dam

124
Q

A ___ that channels water from its natural environment (river or lake) to supply the dam reservoir. It may be an open channel, a tunnel or pipeline.

A

penstock

125
Q

A ____ that houses the turbines driven by the waterfall and the generator driven by the turbines.

A

powerhouse

126
Q

types of hydroelectric power plants

A

Run-of-river plants, off-stream plants, pumped storage power plants

127
Q

________ produce energy using the flow of the river. With dams less than 25 meters high, these “small hydro” plants generate power continuously to meet daily needs.

A

Run-of-river plants

128
Q

________ are modular, meaning that energy can be produced on demand, with dams used to create reservoirs that can be released as required. On lakes, water falls from a significant height (over 300 meters); on locks, from between 20 and 300 meters.

A

Off-stream plants

129
Q

________ are specifically designed for modular operation. They have two reservoirs at different heights.

A

Pumped storage power plants

130
Q

When demand requires, water is released from the higher reservoir to the lower reservoir. When there is excess production — for example, from wind
or solar sources — the surplus electricity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir

A

Pumped Storage Power Plants

131
Q

The water used to generate hydropower is renewable and storable, meaning it can be used at

A

peak consumption

132
Q

Hydropower is extremely efficient, with 90% of the water’s energy converted into ______. In addition, hydropower plants do not generate greenhouse gases and other emissions.

A

electricity

133
Q

In addition, hydropower plants do not ____________ and other emissions.

A

generate greenhouse gases

134
Q

about what percent of earth’s surface is covered with water?

A

70%

135
Q

all water on earth is part of a huge system call the

A

hydrosphere

136
Q

the water on earth exists in 3 phases:

A

solid,liquid,gas

137
Q

about what percent earth’s water salt water?

A

97%

138
Q

what percentage of water on earth is frozen

A

2%

139
Q

what percentage is for human consumption?

A

1%

140
Q

if all water on earth is fit into a 1 liter bottle, how many is fresh water?

A

only 10milliliters

141
Q

what percent is just fresh water?

A

3%

142
Q

only what percent of fresh water is available for human consumption?

A

0.9%

143
Q

what percent in surface water is good for humans

A

0.3%

144
Q

how many percent is ice sheets and glaciers?

A

67%

145
Q

what percent is groundwater?

A

30.1%

146
Q

what percent of surface water are lakes?

A

87%

147
Q

what percent of surface water are swamps?

A

11%

148
Q

what percent pf surface water are rivers?

A

2%

149
Q

refers to the water that collects on the ground

A

surface water

150
Q

examples of surface water

A

oceans, lakes, streams, and reservoir

151
Q

a protected artificial or natural lake that is used to collect or store water

A

reservoir

152
Q

a huge mass of ice that forms on land when snow and ice accumulate faster than they melt

A

glaciers

153
Q

most of Earth’s fresh wateris in the form of

A

glaciers

154
Q

water that collects under the ground

A

groundwater

155
Q

the upper level of underground water

A

water table

156
Q

surface temp range of mercury

A

-170 to 390 (too hot and too cold)

157
Q

surface temp range of venus

A

45-480(too hot)

158
Q

surface temp range of venus

A

45 to 480(too hot)

159
Q

surface temp range of earth

A

-88 to 56(just right for liquid water)

160
Q

surface temp range of mars

A

-89 to 20(too cold)

161
Q

One of the reasons why water is so useful is that it can ______ many things

A

dissolve

162
Q

Over long periods of time, water dissolves and wears down rocks and mountains through processes called _____ and _____-

A

weathering and erosion

163
Q

The human body is __ to ___ water.

A

60% to 75%

164
Q

When you eat food, ____ in your body dissolves nutrients so they can be carried through your bloodstream.

A

water

165
Q

a dam has lots of purpose name 2

A

can be water supply and can be used for generating electricity through hydropower

Earth Science (3 decks)

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