Summa 1 Flashcards
what are the 4 characteristics that make the Earth habitable?
Atmosphere,Water,Light,Climate
what make Earth unique?
it is the the only planet in the solar system which is able to support life in all its form: from the microorganisms to the most sophisticated and intelligent human beings.
earth has a breathable air
atmosphere
the gas that is required for the life of most creatures
oxygen ( CO2 )
this sis present in Earth’s atmosphere and also in wtaer
oxygen
oxygen is continuously being put by _____
plants
earth has a suitable
climate
this is caused by the moderate amount of CO2 in the planet’s atmosphere
climate
it is believed to be the most important chemical necessary for life
water
it can be frozen, solid,and liquid
water
it is being used usefully on earth, trees and plants on the planet to produce oxygen through photosynthesis
light (from the sun)
these are the Earth’s subsystems
biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere
all of these subsystems are what?
they are all interrelated and have interaction
it means lan or geosphere
lithosphere
it is the rigid,rocky, outer layer of earth consisting of the crust and the outermost layer of the upper mantle
lithosphere
lithosphere expands to a depth of?
60miles or 100km
it is broken into about dozen, separate,rigid blocks or parts
lithosphere
it tis the total amount of water in a planet
hydrosphere
it includes the water that is on the surface, underground,and in air
hydrosphere
a planet’s hydrosphere can be?
liquid,vapor,or ice
liquid exists in the surface in forms of
oceans,lakes,and rivers
liquid exists in the underground in forms of
wells and aquifers
water vapor is most visible as
clouds and fogs
water moves through the hydrosphere in a?
cycle
water collects in clouds and falls on earth in forms of
rain or snow
it contains all planet’s living things
biosphere
ecological communities based on physical soroundings of an area
biomes
it is a very thin layer of Earth’s surface
biosphere
“air”
atmosphere
a very shallow layer
atmosphere
this thin blanket of air provides us with the air that we breathe
atmosphere
it also protects us from the sun’s dangerous ultraviolet radiation
atmosphere
what is being produced in the atmosphere?
weather and climate
layers of the atmosphere
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere,exosphere
lowest layer of our atmosphere
troposphere
we humans line in with?
troposphere
this where all weather occurs
troposphere
99% of water vapor is found in
troposphere
extends from the top of the troposphere
stratosphere
this is where the ozone layer can be found
stratosphere
in this layer where the uv rays is being absorbed
stratosphere/ozone layer
extends about 85km from our planet
mesosphere
this is where u can find the coldest temperatures in earth
mesosphere
it is the layer of very rare air above the mesosphere
thermosphere
high energy x-rays and uv rays are absorbed here
thermosphere
the air in this layer is so thin that it would be freezing to us
thermosphere
it is more like an outer space part of our atmosphere
thermosphere
these are the naturally occurring inorganic solid that posseses an orderly crystalline structure and well-defined chemical composition
minerals
the people who study minerals
mineralogists
the study of minerals
mineralogy
forms by geologic porcess
naturally occurring
product of Earth’s natural process
naturally occurring
5 characteristics of minerals
- naturally occurring
- solid
- orderly crystalline structure
- well defined composition
- generally inorganic
solids at temperatures normally experience at Earth’s surface
solid
ice are considered as minerals
solid
atoms are arranged in a n orderly, repetitive manner
orderly crystalline structure
this orderly packaging of atoms is reflected in the regularly shaped objects we call crystals
orderly crystalline structure
most minerals are chemical compounds made up of two or more elements
well-defined composition
crystalline solids that are found naturally in grounds are considered minerals
generally inorganic
it doesn’t contain carbon
inorganic
metals came from?
rocks
is any solid mass of mineral-like matter that occurs naturally as part of our planet
rocks
an aggregate of one or more minerals
rocks
1 mineral-calcite
limestone
quartz,hornblende, feldspar
granite
some are nonmineral
rocks
the lightest and the least dense kind of rock
pumice
properties of minerals
- optical properties
- crystal shape or habit(geometric forms)
- mineral strength
- density and specific gravity
- other properties (taste,texture,smell, attractivity to magnets)
how light is reflected off a surface
luster
the ability to transmit light
optical properties
color
optical properties
color of mineral in powdered form
streak
ability to allow light to pass through it
diaphaneity
mineral’s resistance the to break or deforming
tenacity
resistance to abrasion or stretching
hardness
tendency of a mineral to break (cleave) along planes of weak bonding
cleavage
unitless number of representing the ratio of a minerals weight of an equal volumes of water
specific gravity
heirachy to the elements of geology
atoms makes up elements
⬇️
elements combined make up compoundz
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natural compounds and elements combined to form minerals
⬇️
minerals make up rocks
⬇️
rocks make up earth
a scheme that represents the processes of continuous changes that connect the 3 major groups of rocks
the rock cycle
3 groups of rocks
sedimentary, metamorphic, igneous
3 other important parts of a rock cycle
sediments and lava and magma
from magma through ____ to make intrusive igneous rocks
crystalization
from magma through ____ to form extrusive igneous rocks
consolidation
extrusive igneous rock will then undergo
weathering then transportation and depositions
weathering, transportation, and deposition to make
sediments
sediments then undergo
lithification(compaction and cementation)
sediments undergo lithification compaction and cementation to form _____
sedimentary rocks
then sedimentary rocks undergo _____ to form metamorphic rocks
metamorphism
formed after metamorphism of sedimentary rocks
metamorphic rocks
can sedimentary rocks weather and become sediments again?how about metamorphic rocks? intrusive igneous rocks?
yes through uplift and exposure
both extrusive and intrusive can directly undergo
metamorphism
formed by solidification of melted minerals
igneous rocks
lava hardens at the surface to form
extrusive igneous rocks
magma hardens beneath the surface to form
intrusive igneous rocks
granite
intrusive igneous rock
mostly used for buildings
granite
basalt
extrusive igneous rock
formed when lava erupted onto surface
basalt
gabbro
intrusive igneous rock
most widespread rocks
basalt
natural volcanic glass
obsidian
forms when lava cools too quickly
obsidian
used as spear and arrow points
obsidian
obsidian
extrusive igneous rock
pumice
extrusive igneous rock
rhyolite
extrusive igneous rock
made of rock fragments
sedimentary rock
256mm+
boulder
64-256mm
cobble
4-64mm
pebble
2-4mm
granules
1/16-2mm
sand
1/256-1/16mm
silt
less than 1/256mm
clay
made of cemented sediments
clastic sedimentary rock
conglomerate
clastic sedimentary rock
breccia
clastic sedimentary rock
red sandstone
clastic sedimentary rock
shale
clastic sedimentary rock
formed by chemical precipitation
non-clastic sedimentary rock
came from the remains of organic matter
biologic sedimentary rock
results from the greatest pressure and releases the most energy when burned
anthracite coal
the most common sedimentary rock
shale
it covers about three quarters of the land surface
sedimentary rocks
formed by heat and pressure changing existing rocks
metamorphic rocks
affects a large area and results from plate tectonics
regional metamorphism
affects rocks on a local scale,such as baking sedimentary rocks next to magma on lava
contact metamorphism
contain much mica and other rocks that produce layering or banding
foliated metamorphic rock
includes marble which comes from limestone and quartzite which comes from sandstone
non-foliated metamorphic rocks
limestone
non-clastic sedimentary rock
chert
biologic sedimentary rock
granodiorite
intrusive igneous rock
schist,gneiss, slate
foliated metamorphic rock
quartzite
non-foliated metamorphic rock
concentration of a mineral that is of scientific or technical interest
mineral occurrence
mineral deposit of sufficient size and grade or concentration to enable extraction under the most favorable conditions
mineral deposit
rock or mineral used as fillers in cement, asphalt,plaster, etc.
aggregate
generally used to describe non metallic minerals
aggregate
naturally occurring material from which a mineral of economic value can be extracted
ore
types of mineral sources
metallic mineral deposit
non metallic resources
gold,silver,copper, platinum,iron
metallic mineral deposit
talc,fluorite,sulfur,sand,gravel
non metallic resources
the _______ involved in the rock cycle play a major role in the accumalation and concentration of valuable minerals
geologic processes
valuable substances are concerned within an igneous body through magmatic processes such as fractionation,partial melting and crystal settling
magmatic ore deposits
concentration of valuable substances by hot aqueous fluids through fractures and spore spaces in rocks
hydrothermal ore deposits
concentrated by chemical precipitation coming from lakes or water
sedimentary ore deposits
concentration of valuable substances through gravity separation during sedimentary process
placer ore deposits
results from the accumulation of valuable materials through chemical melting processes
residual ore deposits
