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SUGER Flashcards

1
Q

What is the glomerulus like?

A

Tuft of convoluted fenestrated capillaries

Glomerular basement membrane

Lined by podocytes

Supported by mesangial cells

Encased in Bowman’s capsule

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2
Q

What are the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

2 Components:

Afferent arteriole
Distal convoluted tubule

Afferent arteriole contributes Granular cells

Secrete renin in response to low blood pressure

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3
Q

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Distal convoluted tubule contributes the Macula Densa

Patch of closely packed endothelial cells along tubule

Senses NaCl concentration and regulates tubuloglomerular feedback

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4
Q

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Distal convoluted tubule contributes the Macula Densa

Patch of closely packed endothelial cells along tubule

Senses NaCl concentration and regulates tubuloglomerular feedback

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5
Q

What is the structure of the PCT?

A

Cuboidal epithelium

Round central/basal nuclei

Brush border of microvilli at apical end

Many mitochondria
so appears eosinophilic

Reabsorption of NaCl, proteins, polypeptides, amino acids, glucose

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6
Q

What is the loop of henle like?

A

Descending and ascending limbs
Both with thick and thin segments
Thin - simple squamous
Thick - low cuboidal
Supplied by a rich vasa recta

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7
Q

What is the DCT?

A

Low cuboidal epithelium
Scanty microvilli
Numerous mitochondria
Regulates acid base by secreting H+ and absorbing HCO3-
(Via cellular carbonic anhydrase)
Regulates Na level by exchanging Na for K

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8
Q

What is the CD like?

A

Cuboidal epithelium

Principal cells
Respond to aldosterone and ADH

Intercalated cells
Exchange H+ for HCO3-

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9
Q

What is the blood supply of the kidneys?

A

Abdominal aorta

Renal artery at L1

Anterior & posterior division

Interlobar artery

Arcuate artery (corticomedullary)

Interlobular artery

Afferent arteriole

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10
Q

What is the loop of henle and vasa recta path of blood?

A

After glomerulus blood drains:
Efferent arteriole (from renal corpuscle)
Peritubular capillaries
Descends into medulla
Vasa recta
Renal veins
Inferior vena cava

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11
Q

What is the renal pelvis like?

A

Lined by urothelium

Transmits filtrate from nephron to ureter

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12
Q

What is urothelium?

A

Specialised epithelium found in the collection/drainage parts of the urinary tract

Complex stratified epithelium

Layer of umbrella cells overlies a pseudostratified layer of polygonal cells

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13
Q

What are ureters like?

A

Transitional epithelium

Spiral muscular tube
Inner longitudinal
Outer circular

No serosa
Loose adventitia

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14
Q

What is the bladder composed of?

A

Urothelium

Lamina propria

Muscularis Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis Propria

Subserosa and Serosa

Functional valve prevents reflux into ureter

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15
Q

What is the female urethra like?

A

4-5cm long

Proximally transitional epithelium

Distally squamous epithelium

Paraurethral and periurethral glands open into the urethra

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16
Q

What is the male urethra like?

A

20cm long

1.Prostatic urethra

  1. Membranous urethra lined by urothelium
  2. Penile urethra
    Pseudostratified epithelium proximally
    Stratified squamous epithelium distally
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17
Q

What lining does the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder and urethra?

A

The renal pelvis, ureter, bladder and urethra all have the same urothelial lining

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18
Q

What is the urothelium like?

A

Urothelium is a complex stratified epithelium unique to the urinary tract.

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19
Q

What is the testis?

A

The testis

Paired organ in the scrotum

Average weight 15-19g

Capsule
Tunica vaginalis

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20
Q

What are the testis structure?

A

Three layers forming a capsule

Tunica vaginalis
Flattened layer of mesothelial cells

Tunica albuginea
Collagen fibres with some fibroblasts, myocytes, nerve fibres.

Tunica vasculosa
Loose connective tissue containing blood vessels and lymphatics.

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21
Q

What are the testicular parenchyma like?

A

The testis

Testicular parenchyma is divided into lobules by septa originating from the capsule.

~ 250 lobules

Each lobule contains 1-4 seminiferous tubules.

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22
Q

What do seminiferous tubules contain?

A

The testis
Seminiferous tubules contain germ cells in varying stages of maturation and Sertoli cells.

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23
Q

What is the structure of a spermatazoon?

A

Spermatagonia -> primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte -> spermatid -> spermatazoon

Type A darkly stained stem cells (Ad) and pale stained (Ap) cells

Type B differentiating progenitor cells have spherical nuclei with densely stained masses of chromatin.

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24
Q

What are Sertoli cells like?

A

Columnar cells on the basement membrane of the tubule.

Send cytoplasmic projections around the germ cells.

Nuclei are irregularly shaped, folded and have a prominent nucleolus (helps to distinguish from germ cells)

Supportive , phagocytic and secretory functions

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25
What is teh structure of spermatozoa?
Spermatozoa Head Acrosomal cap Nucleus Midpiece Spiral mitochondria Tail Neck – centrioles Axoneme Plasma membrane
26
What are leydig cells?
Leydig cells Present singly and in clusters in the interstitium between tubules Abundant cytoplasm containing lipid Reinke’s Crystalloids Produce testosterone.
27
What are Rete testis?
Anastomosing network of tubules at the hilum of the testis Receive luminal contents from seminiferous tubules Lined by simple squamous or low columnar epithelium on a relatively thick basement membrane. Have cilia at the luminal surface
28
Rete testis
Mixing chamber for contents of seminiferous tubules Possible secretions Reabsorption of protein from the luminal contents
29
What are efferent ducts like?
ducts 12-15 convoluted tubules which empty into epididymis Lined by ciliated and non ciliated simple columnar epithelium with interspersed cuboidal cells (basal cells) giving a pseudostratified appearance.
30
What is the epididymis structure?
Epididymis A tubular structure 4-5cm long containing a highly convoluted epididymal duct (5m!) Lined by tall columnar cells with long atypical cilia Epithelium supported by a thick basement membrane surrounding which is a well defined muscular coat.
31
What is the vas deferens?
Vas deferens 30-40cm tubular structure arising from the caudal portion of epididymis. Distal part enlarged to form the ampulla which joins the excretory duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct. Lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium comprising columnar and basal cells. Has thick muscular wall of 3 layers.
32
What is the prostate like?
Pear shaped glandular organ Weighs up to 20g in young adult Surrounds the bladder neck and prostatic urethra Lobes-anterior, middle, posterior and two lateral lobes Peripheral, central, transitional and peri-urethral gland regions
33
What is the composition of the prostate?
Prostate Covered by a an ill-defined fibro-connective tissue capsule. Glandular and non glandular components Ducts Large primary and small secondary Acini 30-50 tubuloalveolar glands with convoluted edges
34
What cells are present in the prostrate?
Prostate Acini are lined by secretory cells, basal cells and neuroendocrine cells Secretory cells located in the luminal side of the glands secrete PSA and PAP into the seminal fluid Basal cells form a continuous layer Cells rest on a basement membrane
35
What comprises the stroma of the Prostate?
Prostate Stroma Smooth muscle Fibroelastic fibres Blood vessels Nerves Both the stroma and the glands undergo hyperplasia with increasing age.
36
What are the seminal vesicles?
Seminal vesicles Paired highly coiled tubular structures posterolateral to the bladder The duct empties into the ejaculatory duct Lined by tall non-ciliated columnar epithelium Vacuoles and lipofuscin Mucosa is folded Smooth muscles (2 layers) and adventitia
37
What is the penis like?
Penis - Erectile tissue arranged into 3 components 1. Left and right corpora cavernosa on the dorsal side 2. Corpus spongiosum on the inferior side (surrounds urethra) 3. Erectile tissue comprises irregular vascular spaces separated by fibroelastic tissue and smooth muscle. - Rich nerve supply.
38
What does the testis contains?
The testis contains seminiferous tubules that produce spermatazoa
39
What does the testis contains?
The testis contains seminiferous tubules that produce spermatazoa
40
What do leydig and Sertoli cells do?
Leydig cells produce testosterone Sertoli cells are polyfunctional
41
What do leydig and Sertoli cells do?
Leydig cells produce testosterone Sertoli cells are polyfunctional
42
Where is seminal fluid made?
The prostate, seminal vesicles and Cowper’s glands produce the bulk of the seminal fluid
43
Where is seminal fluid made?
The prostate, seminal vesicles and Cowper’s glands produce the bulk of the seminal fluid
44
What is the ovary?
- Covered by a single layer of modified mesothelium - Under this is a poorly defined connective tissue layer called tunica albuginea - Stroma divided into cortex and medulla
45
What is the ovarian cortex like?
Ovarian cortex Spindle stromal cells arranged in whorls /storiform pattern. Ovarian follicles. Some leutinised cells.
46
What is the ovarian medulla like?
Ovarian medulla Loose fibroelastic tissue with blood vessels,lymphatics and nerves. Rete ovarii - analogue of rete testis-present at the hilum
47
What are the primordial follicles?
Primary follicles Cyclic FSH secretion from the ant. pituitary stimulates follicular development. Follicular epithelial cells proliferate (granulosa cells) Oocyte enlarges Stromal cells become organised into connective tissue sheath. Zona pellucida forms directly around the oocyte.
48
What are secondary follicles?
Secondary follicles Formation of antrum (space filled with follicular fluid) CT differentiates into inner Theca interna and outer Theca externa Oocyte is supported in the antrum by a stalk of granulosa cells (Cumulus oophorus)
49
What are mature (Graafian follicles?)
Mature (Graafian) follicles Ovum is surrounded by a thick zona pellucida A layer of granulosa cells surround the oocyte - corona radiata Basal lamina Theca interna and Theca externa
50
What happens to primordial follicles?
Approximately 400,000 primordial follicles are present at birth. Out of these only approx 400 mature to ovulate. 99% of the remaining undergo atresia
51
What is the corpus luteum?
Corpus luteum Follicle converts into a corpus luteum Leutinisation of the granulosa and theca cells occurs (become polygonal, larger in size, have abundant cytoplasm containing lipid.) Secrete progesterone and oestrogen If pregnancy does not occur, they regress.
52
What occurs in the corpus luteum?
Corpus luteum Regression starts 8-9 days after ovulation of pregnancy does not occur. Granulosa cells decrease in size, develop pyknotic nuclei, and accumulate abnormal lipid. Cells undergo dissolution and are phagocytosed. There is progressive fibrosis by ingrowth of connective tissue
53
What is the corpus albicans?
Corpus albicans Well circumscribed structure with convoluted borders, almost entirely composed of densely packed collagen with occasional follicles. Eventually they may be resorbed/ replaced by ovarian stroma
54
What is the fallopian tube like?
Run throughout the length of the broad ligament Transports ovum to the uterus Fertilization occurs here. 4 segments Intramural - inside uterine wall Isthmus - 2-3 cm, thick walled Ampulla - expanded area Infundibulum - Trumpet - shaped opening to peritoneum, has fimbriae.
55
What do fallopian tubes contain?
Mucosa Thrown into branching folds (plicae) 2 cell types - Secretory - ciliated (peg cell – effette secretory) (basal – lymphocytes) Muscularis (myosalpinx) - Inner circular layer - Outer longitudinal layer. Serosa Connective tissue covered by mesothelium
56
What is the uterus like?
Composed of three layers: - endometrium - myometrium - serosa Endometrium Deep basal layer - stratum basalis Superficial functional layer - stratum compactum (towards the surface) and stratum spongiosum
57
What is the uterus like?
Composed of three layers: - endometrium - myometrium - serosa Endometrium Deep basal layer - stratum basalis Superficial functional layer - stratum compactum (towards the surface) and stratum spongiosum
58
What is the proliferation phase of the endometrium?
Endometrium Proliferative phase Oestrogen stimulation Straight proliferating glands with mitotic activity No luminal secretions Stromal cells are spindled and compact, and show mitotic activity
59
What is involved in the secretory phase?
Secretory phase Progesterone stimulation Early - Sub-nuclear glycogen vacuoles Mid - vacuoles above and below the nucleus and later intraluminal secretions, glands more rounded Stroma-oedema Late - Elongated and saw-toothed glands with more intraluminal secretions Stroma - spiral arterioles, decidual change (Image shows late-secretory endometrium)
60
What is the menstrual phase of the endometrium?
Menstrual phase Progesterone stimulation withdrawn Stromal haemorrhage and granulocytes Stromal and glandular fragmentation
61
What is the myometrium like?
Thick muscular wall with 3 ill-defined layers of smooth muscle Inner longitudinal Middle circular Outer longitudinal
62
What is the endocervix like?
Loose fibromuscular stroma lined by simple columnar ciliated epithelium Thrown into crypts
63
What is the ectocervix like?
Ectocervix Dense smooth muscle stroma lined by non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium Site of squamocolumnar junction varies Atrophic in postmenopausal women
64
What is the vagina like?
Vagina Tubular structure Mucosa Lined by non keratinising stratified squamous epithelium. Stroma contains elastic fibres and a rich vascular network. Muscular wall Smooth muscle cells Inner circular Outer longitudinal. Adventitia Loose connective tissue
65
What is the vulva like?
Vulva Mons pubis Clitoris Labia minora Labia majora Vulvar vestibula Hymen Urethral meatus Skein’s gland Bartholins gland Introitus. Labia majora Lined by keratinising stratified squamous epithelium and has skin adnexae. Labia minora Mostly non keratinising stratified squamous epithelium.
66
What is bartholins gland?
Bartholin’s gland Tubuloalveolar glands. Acini lined by mucus-secreting epithelium
67
What are the minor vestibular glands?
Minor vestibular glands Simple tubular glands lined by mucus-secreting epithelium
68
What is the skeins glands?
Skein’s glands (periurethral glands) •Analogous to prostate •Lined by peudostratified columnar epithelium
69
What is the hymen and clitoris like?
Hymen •Lined by non-keratinising sqaumous epithelium Clitoris •Erectile tissue rich in blood vessels and nerves.
70
How does the appearance of ovary and endometrium vary?
Histological appearance of the ovary and endometrium varies according to the phase of the menstrual cycle in reproductive life
71
How is the female reproductive tract like in postmenopausal women?
In postmenopausal women the ovary, endometrium, cervix and vagina atrophy
72
What is the function of the skin?
Barrier to infection Waterproofing Thermoregulation Protect against trauma Protect against UV-light Vitamin D synthesis Sensation
73
What is the epidermis like?
Basement membrane - not typically visible in HandE Made of type 4 (IV) collagen Stratum basale Melanocytes Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum corneum
74
What is the stratum basale like?
Sits on BM Basal epithelial cells (stem cells) Melanocytes

Histology (5 decks)

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