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Histology > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Outermost layer of the heart

Layer of mesothelial cells resting on thin layer fibrous connective tissue

Visceral and parietal

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2
Q

What is the epicardium like?

A

Sometimes used interchangeably with pericardium

Strictly it is the underlying adipose connective tissue, vessels and nerves

Between pericardium and myocardium

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3
Q

What is myocardium like?

A

Thickest layer of the heart
Specialised cardiac muscle
Striated
Central nuclei
Branching
Intercalated discs

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4
Q

What are intercalated discs like?

A

Connect adjacent cardiac myocytes
Contain:
Gap junctions
Adhering junctions
Desmosomes

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5
Q

What is endomysium like?

A

Loose fibrous connective tissue between the muscle fibres (endomysium)

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6
Q

What does myocardium like?

A

Atrial myocytes are small than those in the ventricles

Contain perinuclear neuroendocrine granules (atrial natriuretic peptide)

The heart is an endocrine organ!

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7
Q

What is in the conducting system?

A

Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibres
Subendocardial
Large vacuolated muscle cells

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8
Q

What is the endocardium composed of?

A

Innermost layer of heart

Thin layer of fibrous connective tissue

Endothelial cells

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9
Q

What are valves like?

A

Covered by endothelium
Attach to central fibrous body

Endothelial cells on either side

Fibrosa (dense fibrous CT)
Spongiosa (loose fibrous CT)
Ventricularis (collagen & elastin)
Interstitial cells inside like smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts

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10
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A

Pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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11
Q

What does myocardium comprise?

A

Myocardium comprises a specialised form of involuntary striated muscle known as cardiac muscle

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12
Q

What are valves?

A

Valves are specialised extensions of endocardium

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13
Q

What is plasma?

A

Plasma is blood minus the cells and comprises:
water
salts & minerals
plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen)
hormones, signal molecules
other clotting factors etc.

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14
Q

What is serum?

A

Serum is plasma minus clotting factors

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15
Q

What are erythrocytes like?

A

4-6million per mL blood
Lifespan of 4 months
Produces in liver (fetus) and bone marrow
Enucleate, biconcave discs - 6/5-8.5 micrometer in diameter (end to end about 180km)
Major protein is haemoglobin
Destroyed in the liver and spleen
Cell membrane has important endoskeleton attached (major protein -spectrin)

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16
Q

What are the white cell series (leucocytes)?

A

Granulocytes (contain visible granules)
40-75% Neutrophils
~ 5% Eosinophils
~ 0.5% Basophils

Agranulocytes (no visible granules)
20-50% Lymphocytes
1-5% Monocytes

Platelets (cell fragments)

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17
Q

What are neutrophils?

A
  • Polymorphonuclear leucocytes

Commonest WBC
Commonest granulocyte

Multi-lobed nucleus, granular cytoplasm (12-14micrometer) in diameter

Phagocytic - engulf and destroy bacteria and other foreign macromolecules

Circulate in blood and invade tissue spaces

Contain myeloperoxidase

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18
Q

What does neutrophils contain?

A

Polymorphonuclear leucocytes

Contains 3 types of cytoplasmic granule

Primary granules
Lyzosomes - myeloperoxidase acid hydrolases

Secondary granules
Specific granules - secrete substances that mobilizer inflammatory mediators

Tertiary granules
Gelatinases and adhesion molecules

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19
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

1% of total number of white cells
Numbers increase in parasitic infections
12-17 μm in diameter
Bi-lobed nucleus
Distinctive large red cytoplasmic granules with crystalline inclusions

Antagonistic in action to basophils

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20
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Characteristic lozenge-shaped granules with crystalline cores
Phagocytic with particular affinity for antigen/ antibody complexes
Receptors for IgE
Inhibit Mast cell secretion
Neutralise histamine – thereby restricting inflammatory responses

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21
Q

What are basophils?

A

0.5% of white cell series,

14-16 μm in diameter

Bi-lobed nucleus and prominent dark blue-staining cytoplasmic granules

Granules contain histamine.

Involved in inflammatory reactions and act to prevent coagulation and agglutination

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22
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Circulating form of the tissue Mast Cell

Receptors for IgE

Release histamine and other vaso-active agents in response to allergens
Results in immediate hypersensitivity reaction

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23
Q

What are they two functional subtypes of lymphocytes?

A

Two functional subtypes

B Cells - become plasma cells and secrete antibodies

T Cells - are involved in cell-mediated immunity

Very few cytoplasmic inclusions and hence have a clear blue/grey cytoplasm

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24
Q

What are they two functional subtypes of lymphocytes?

A

Two functional subtypes

B Cells - become plasma cells and secrete antibodies

T Cells - are involved in cell-mediated immunity

Very few cytoplasmic inclusions and hence have a clear blue/grey cytoplasm

25
Q

What are the cells of lymphocytes?

A

B Cells – produce antibodies

T Helper (TH) Cells – help B cells and activate macrophages

T Cytotoxic (TC) Cells – kill previously marked target cells

T Suppressor (TS) Cells – suppress TH cells and hence suppress the immune response

Natural Killer (NK) Cells – mainly kill virus infected cells

ALL look the same in histological sections on
H+E

26
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Immature cells, circulate briefly in blood

Characteristic reniform nucleus

15-20 μm in diameter

Differentiate into one of several cell types within tissue

Major phagocytic and defensive role

Some become antigen presenting cells, passing antigen fragments to lymphocytes

27
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into?

A

Small cytoplasmic granules (despite
classification!), mostly lysosomes

Differentiate into
Tissue macrophages - everywhere
Kupffer cells – liver
Osteoclasts – bone
Antigen presenting cells - everywhere
Alveolar macrophages – lung

28
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments of cells derived from large multi-nucleated Megakaryocytes in the bone marrow

1 to 3 μm in diameter, surrounded by cell membrane and containing vesicles with coagulation factors

Responsible for clotting of blood, notably when the endothelium lining all blood vessels is breached

29
Q

What occurs in hematopoiesis?

A

All blood cells form in the haematopoeitic bone marrow in adults (liver in the fetus)
Myelon series lies next to bone and gives rise to white blood cells
Erythron series lies in between bony trabeculae and gives rise to erythrocytes
Megakaryocytes lie in between bony trabeculae and give rise to platelets

30
Q

What is erythropoeisis?

A

Reducing cell size
•Haemoglobin production
•Reduction and loss of organelles
•Basophilia in early precursors changes to eosinophilia in late precursors
•Loss of nucleus
•Mediated by erythropoeitin (EPO)

31
Q

What is granulopoeisis?

A

Morphology similar for neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
•Increasing number of granules
•Increasingly complex shape of the nucleus
•Large pool of stored mature neutrophils in marrow

32
Q

Where are blood cells formed?

A

Blood cells are formed in haematopoeitic bone marrow, ultimately from a single precursor

33
Q

What occurs in the formation of blood cells

A

There are multiple precursors in the formation of blood cells. You are not expected to be able to identify the precursor cells, but you should know where different elements of haematopoiesis occur.

34
Q

What is the most common cell and leucocyte?

A

Erythrocytes most common cell
•Neutrophils most common leucocyte

35
Q

What if imp to remember?

A

Function dictates form! For:

Filtration
Humidification
Warming
Olfaction (and taste)
Gas transport
Speech
Protection against infection
Gas exchange

36
Q

What is respiratory epithelium like?

A

Lines the tubular portion of the respiratory
Pseudostratified - all cells contact b.m
Ciliates epithelial cells
Interspersed goblet cells

37
Q

What occurs in the noses?

A

Filtration
Humidification
Warming
Olfaction

38
Q

What is found in the nose?

A

Keratinising and non-keratinising squamous epithelium
Respiratory epithelium
Richly vascular laminated proprietary containing seromucinous glands

39
Q

What is found in the nose?

A

Keratinising and non-keratinising squamous epithelium
Respiratory epithelium
Richly vascular laminated proprietary containing seromucinous glands

40
Q

What occurs in olfaction?

A

Roof of the nasal cavity, extending down septum and lateral wall

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium of olfactory receptor cells with supporting sustentacular cells and basal cells

Serous glands of Bowman

41
Q

What cells are found in olfaction?

A

Olfactory receptor cells - Bipolar neurons – dendrite extends to surface to become club-shaped ciliated olfactory vesicle

42
Q

What occurs at the nasopharynx?

A

Gas transport
Humidification
Warming
Olfaction

Lined by Resp epithelium

43
Q

What are the nasal sinuses?

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Maxillary

44
Q

What do nasal sinuses do?

A

Lower the weight of the skull
Add resonance to the voice
Humidify and warm inspired air

Lined by respiratory epithelium

45
Q

What is the larynx like?

A

Cartilaginous box
Voice production
Respiratory epithelium
Loose fibrocollagenous stroma with seromucinous glands
Lymphatics and blood vessels common

46
Q

What are the vocal cords like?

A

Voice production

Stratified squamous epithelium overlying loose irregular fibrous tissue (Reinke’s space)

Almost no lymphatics

47
Q

What is the trachea like?

A

Conducts air into and from the lungs

Respiratory epithelium

Seromucinous glands in submucosa
Tracheal is muscle posteriorly
C-shaped cartilaginous rings

48
Q

What is teh composition of bronchi and bronchioles?

A

Main bronchi -> lobar bronchi -> segmental bronchi -> bronchioles

Smooth muscle
Partial cartilaginous rings
Respiratory epithelium
Ciliates columnar epithelium
Some basal neuroendocrine cells

Seromucinous glands and goblet cells

Few goblet cells
Clara cells

Order? Which is which!!!1

49
Q

What ate Clara cells?

A

Most numerous in terminal bronchioles, Mitochondria, Smooth ER, Secretory granules
No cilia; vesicular cytoplasm

Precise function uncertain… but believed:
Oxidise inhaled toxins?
Antiprotease function?
Surfactant production / elimination?
Stem cell?
??

50
Q

What are respiratory bronchioles like?

A

First part of distal respiratory tract

Gas exchange as well as transport

Link terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts

Cuboidal ciliated epithelium

Spirally-arranged smooth muscle

51
Q

What is alveoli?

A

150-400 million/lung

250 µm in diameter

GAS EXCHANGE

52
Q

What are teh types of alveoli?

A

Type 1 pneumocytes

40% cell population
90% SA

Flattened cells, flattened nucleus, few organelles

Type 2 pneumocytes
60% cell population
5-10% SA

Rounded cells, round nucleus, rich in mitochondria, smooth and rough ER, spherical bodies

Produce surfactant

53
Q

What are alveolar macrophages?

A

Alveoli – cell types

Alveolar macrophages
Luminal cells, also present in the interstitium

Phagocytose particulates including dusts and bacteria

Enter lymphatics or leave via mucociliary escalator

54
Q

What is the BBB like?

A

blood-air barrier

Type 1 pneumocyte

Fused basement membrane of pneumocyte and capillary

Vascular endothelial cell

200-800nm thick!

How linked to alveoli?

55
Q

What is the interstitium of the alveoli?

A

Where endothelial cells are not in direct contact with
Pneumocytes

Collagen and elastin fibres

Fibroblasts
Macrophages
(Pores of Kohn)

56
Q

What is the visceral pleura like?

A

visceral pleura

Flat mesothelial cells

Loose fibrocollagenous connective tissue

Irregular external elastic layer

Interstitial fibrocollagenous layer

Irregular internal elastic layer

57
Q

What are the conducting parts of the airways lined by?

A

Ciliated epithelium which becomes flatter more distally

58
Q

What are the walls for alveoli like?

A

The alveoli - very thin walls

59
Q

What does alveolar interstitium contain?

A

Blood vessels, lymphatics, collagen and elastin and some macrophages

Histology (5 decks)

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