Sugars and Sweeteners (1/22) Flashcards
What are monosaccharides?
simple sugar with one basic unit
What are examples of monosaccharides?
glucose (dextrose), fructose, and galactose
What are disaccharides?
two monosaccharides linked together
What are examples of disaccharides?
sucrose, lactose, and maltose
What makes up sucrose?
glucose + fructose
What makes up lactose?
glucose + galactose
What makes up maltose?
glucose + glucose
T/F: glucose and dextrose are the same thing
true
What does sucrose and high fructose corn syrup provide?
energy
What does sugars promote?
tooth decay
Do sugars take up a little or a lot of space?
a lot of space
What does sugars hold onto?
water
What do sugars react to make?
caramelization and maillard browning
rank the sugars from sweetest to least sweet:
fructose, sucrose, glucose, galactose, maltose, lactose
What are examples of low calorie sweeteners?
saccharin (bitter), aspartame (bitter), ace-K (bitter), sucralose (lingers), neotame (rare in US), stevia and monkfruit (bitter)
What is the structure of aspartame?
two amino acids with a methyl group
T/F: aspartame is heat stable
false
What is typically added to low-calorie sweeteners?
bulking agents such as sugar alcohol, maltodextrin, and dextrose
What is maltodextrin?
starch chopped up into tiny pieces (not calorie free)
What is dextrose?
GLUCOSE
What effects do sugar alcohols have in the mouth?
a cooling effect
What may sugar alcohols be labeled?
sugar free and does not promote tooth decay
Sugar alcohols may not be labeled what?
reduced calorie food due to still containing a significant amount of calories
What are examples of sugar alcohols?
erythritol, mannitol, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, and xylitol, sorbitol
What is erythritol common in?
sweetener packets
What is isomalt useful for?
sugar art
What is xylitol common in?
sugar free candies
What is sorbitol common in?
sugar free candies and some beverages
What are examples of granular sugar?
table sugar, crystalline glucose/fructose/maltodextrins, and brown sugar
What is brown sugar?
sucrose with molasses added
What are examples of liquid sugar?
corn syrups, molasses, sorghum, maple syrup, honey
What sugars does high-fructose corn syrup have?
the same sugars as table sugar
What are the different properties of sugar?
solubility; melting point & decomposition by heat; absorption of moisture; fermentation; acid hydrolysis; enzyme hydrolysis; decomposition by alkalies; sweetness
What is the most soluble sugar?
fructose
What is the least soluble sugar?
lactose
What does unsaturated mean?
less than the max dissolved
What does saturated mean?
the max is dissolved
What does supersaturated mean?
over the max is dissolved
What happens to sugars with dry heat?
sugars melt
What happens to sugars with heat beyond melting?
decomposition changes resulting in caramelization
What happens when sugar absorbs moisture?
clumping
Which sugar absorbs the most moisture?
fructose
What does hygroscopic mean?
pulls water out of the air around it
What does hydroscopic mean?
a term for a thing used to view stuff underwater
What does hydrophilic mean?
water-loving/water soluble
What does sugars (except lactose) being fermented by yeast produce?
carbon dioxide gas and alcohol
What is fermentation important for?
bread making and beer and wine making
What does disaccharides “hydrolyzed” by weak acids produce?
monosaccharides
T/F: monosaccharides are not affected by acids
true
What is the end product of sucrose hydrolysis?
a liquid mixture of glucose and fructose
What is another term for the end product of sucrose hydrolysis?
invert sugar
What may be hydrolyzed by enzymes?
disaccharides
What is sucrase used for in the candy industry?
to produce soft, semifluid centers in chocolates
Where is lactase found?
in your gut as a child, may lose it with age
When is lactase used in food?
to make dairy tolerable to lactose-intolerant folks
T/F: if enzymes are present in food product they must be labeled if they are still active
true
