Sugars Flashcards
D-sugars
sugar w/ the highest numbered chiral carbon w/ the -OH group on the right
L-sugars
-OH group on left
diastereomers
nonsuperimposible configuration of moleules w/ similar connectivity
Mirror images of D-/L- sugars…
enantiomers
Cis
same side of the double bond
Trans
the opposite side of the double bond
Cyclization
describes the ring formation of carbohydrates from their straight chain form
alpha- anomers
have the -OH on the anomeric carbon trans to the free -CH2OH group
beta-anomers
have the -OH on the anomeric carbon cis to the free -CH2OH
simple sugars can cyclize in two ways
furanose or pyranose
pyranose
6 membered ring
furanose
5 membered ring
Monosaccharides can be converted to several derivativ forms
sugar acids sugar alcohols deoxy sugars sugar esters amino sugars acetals ketals glycosides
reducing sugars
sugars w/ free anomeric carbons (will reduce oxidizing agents)
Deoxy sugars
monosaccharides w/ one or more hydroxyl groups replaced by Hs
Sugar esters
phosphate esters of glucose, fructose, and other monosaccharides are important metabolic intermediates
Amino sugars
sugars w/ an amino group at C-2
found in many oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
Glycoside formation
the basic for building complex carbs and requires the anomeric carbon to link to another sugar
Phosphorylation
the phosphate ester is formed by transferring a phosphate group from ATP onto a sugar
Disaccharides
form as a result of glycoside bonding between two monosaccharide units
common disaccharides include…
sucrose, lactose, maltose
cellulose
main structural component of plant cell walls and is a main source of fiber in human diet
starch
plant storage polysaccharide (amylose and amylopectin)
glycogen
functions a main energy storage form for animals
