Tall perennial grass, rich in sucrose - around15% sugar in sugar cane - grows 3-6m high

Sugar Flashcards by Melissa walker

What is sugar?

A basic food carbohydrate which primarily comes from sugar cane/beet but is found in the tissue of most plants

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What form of sugar do humans mainly require?

Glucose

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Where is sugar found?

All plants
Fruit
Honey

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What does sugar in terms of a food usually refer to ?

Sucrose

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What is sucrose?

A disaccharide made of 1 molecule of glucose and 1 molecule of fructose
2 molecules joined in condensation reaction

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Give examples of monosaccharides

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Mannose
Sorbonne
Xylose
Arabinose
Ribose

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Give 3 disaccharide examples

Maltose = 2 glucose
Lactose = 1 glucose, 1 galactose
Sucrose = 1 glucose, 1 fructose

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What is raffinose?

A trisaccharide
Made of galactose, glucose and fructose.
Alpha galactosidase is required to break it down, it passes through the stomach and upper intestine intact
Only certain people can digest it if their large intestine contains the right microbes
Found in cabbages

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What are the 3 main sugars found in plants?

Glucose, fructose and sucrose

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Where did sugar originate?

From sugar cane

New Guinea and spread to SE Asia and India

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What is sugar cane?

Tall perennial grass, rich in sucrose

around15% sugar in sugar cane
grows 3-6m high

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Where was the earliest sugar production?

India

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Where did Arab traders introduce sugar from?

South Asia, North Africa and Andalusia

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When was the start of sugar and slave trade?

15th century

Columbus took sugar cane to hair and Dominican Republic

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How did the west get sugar?

Through colonies

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What type of crop is sugar?

Colonial

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Sugar consumption increased in the 18th century but how was this made possible?

Colonial rule in West Indies

Enslavement of Africans

How was sugar involved in slave trade?

Sugar industry was major force behind expansion of slavery
1700 = 10,000 Africans traded
By the end of slavery it was millions

Denmark = first to abolish
USA abolished at same time but still traded internally for 60 yrs

Sugar industry made lots of white Europeans very rich

What is harewood house and how is it significant in slave trade?

Outside leads owned by lascelles family
- built on profits of slave trade
Lascelles had interest in the Caribbean during the period of slavery in sugar
- family kept and archived details

Why did the West Indian sugar industry decline in the 19th century?

abolition of slave trade = increased cost

- use of sugar beet to produce sugar

When did the production fo sugar from sugar beet happen?

began in Poland/Germany in1800

By end of century it had spread across Europe and had overtaken cane sugar

Compare sugar cane and sugar beet

raw sugar (sucrose) derived from both

- sugar cane = worlds largest crop, around 80% of worlds sugar

What is sugar cane and how much sugar does it produce?

Tall grass (saccharin officinarum)
Highly perishable - sugar content decreases as soon as its cut so it needs to be processed quickly
Can be crushed by hand for a raw drink

How is crystalline sugar produced from sugar cane?

Cane is crushed with water to dissolve sugar this is then heated to produce crystals

What are the products of sugar cane?

Cane sugar Molasses syrup (left as by product of crystal production) Ethanol - originally produced to make rum Bagasse (sugar cane fibre) - used to make paper/tissue

What’re the dangers of cutting cane?

20,000 deaths from chronic kidney disease in Nicaragua since 1990 Brutal conditions: 40 c Burning cane Chemicals used on crops (as susceptible to disease) Minimal personal protective equipment Infectious disease

What is sugar beet?

Root crop (beta vulgaris)

What climate is sugar beet grown in?

Cooler than cane

Can sugar beet be stored?

Yes for months

How much sugar does sugar beet produce and compare it to cane?

2 tonnes per acre - 20% sucrose content | Less than cane but much easier to grow

How does sugar beet actually produce sugar?

Mashed in hot water Let sugar crystallise out Refined to remove odours and colours

What countries grow sugar beet?

Lots of European countries | - not Portugal and Spain due to historic reasons

Who are Tate and Lyle and what is their history with sugar?

Sugar refiners Iconic British brand Thames refinery = largest in world Bought molasses and became world trader of it They discover sucrolose in collab with uni of London (odd as competition to sugar) Joint venture with DuPont to produce bio-pdo a textile polymer - used to thicken / provide texture to manufactured food Golden syrup tin named worlds oldest branding Their sugar business is sold to American sugar reining Whole business is now fibres

Name different types of sugar

``` Granulated white and brown Sugar cubes Icing sugar Muscovado - molasses added back in Demerara Evaporated can juice Liquid sugar Invert sugar (found when making jam, fructose and glucose split and don’t rejoin forming gel) ```

What are the properties of sugar?

Sweet taste (fructose = sweetest , lactose = least) Readily dissolves in water Creates crispness and texture in products Central to browning process in bread and pastries: Maillard reaction and caramelisation

What is the trend for global sugar consumption?

Increasing at 2.7% per ur Developed countries = decline Developing = increase

In the uk how many kg of sugar does each person consume?

Who consumes the most sugar world wide?

America

What are the health implications of sugar?

Empty calories: - pure energy - consume more than diet requires - associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes - tooth decay (500 children per day have teeth surgically extraction, limit of 10 extractions per surgeon per day) - used to be seen as good e.g. lucozade, energy etc

What is the sugar tax?

Jamie Oliver Drinks company blamed consumers for drinking to much as should be occasional However as soon as tax came in they reduced sugar as to not effect profits

Who is John Yudkin and what did he claim?

Prof of nutrition Evidence linking sugar and cardiovascular disease Wrote pure white and deadly

Who is Ancel kelp and what did he claim?

When us president died of heart attack he told public to avoid this eat less cholesterol, saturated fat and smoke less (smoking was only one proved) He did the 7 nations study and only chose nations he knew would give results he wanted Yudkin did test as well and proved sugar had more impact than fat