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FOOD 1010: Food Origins And Form > Food Oils > Flashcards

Food Oils Flashcards

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1
Q

What are vegetable oils?

A

Oils extracted from plants

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2
Q

What are vegetable oils made of?

A

Triglycerides

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3
Q

What are vegetable oils used for?

A

In foods and for cooking as an effective medium for heat transfer

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4
Q

What form are vegetable oils at room temp?

A

Liquid

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5
Q

Name some uses of oils

A 
Cooking oil
Salad oil
Margarine
Shortening 
Biodiesel
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6
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Glycerol backbone

3 fatty acids attached

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7
Q

What is the consistency of a triglyceride?

A

Below mp = gel like

Above mp - fluid like

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8
Q

What is trans gauch transformation?

A

Van der waals forces weaken
Lipid start to diffuse laterally
Membrane softens

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9
Q

How do longer chain lipid differ from short chain?

A

Higher mp

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10
Q

How does melting point Chang for lipids with saturated fatty acids compared to mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)

A

Higher mp

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11
Q

Compare mps of MUFA s and PUFA s

A

MUFA= higher

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12
Q

How are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids different?

A

Unstat = double bond

Discolours in bromine water

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13
Q

What type of fat do oils grown in northern climates contain more of?

A

PUFA s

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14
Q

What type of fat to oils grown in southern climates contain more of?

A

MUFAs

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15
Q

How is veg oil a world traded commodity?

A
  • one of the most heavily traded agricultural commodities I n the world
  • over 70% of fats and oils consumed worldwide come from veg crops
  • trade patterns predominantly dominated by global import and export of play and soybean oil?
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16
Q

How much palm oil is produced worldwide and where?

A

33% - Indonesia and Malaysia

17
Q

How much soybean oil is produced worldwide and where?

A

28% - USA, china, Brazil, Argentina, EU

18
Q

How much rapeseed oil is produced worldwide and where?

A

16% - EU, China, India

19
Q

How much sunflower seed oil is produced world wide and where?

A

8% Ukraine, Russia, EU, Argentina

20
Q

Who is the worlds largest oil producer?

A

Argentina

21
Q

Who is the worlds largest oil consumer?

A

China

22
Q

Give some examples of seed oils

A 
Soybean
Rapeseed
Sesame
Sunflower
Seed
Cotton
Maize
Ground nut
23
Q

Give some examples of fruit oils

A

Coconut
Palm
Olive

24
Q

Give some examples of nut oils

A

Pine nut

Walnut

25
Q

What are the stages of oil manufacture?

A
  1. Dehulling seeds
  2. Extraction
    -mechanical
    -chemical
  3. Refining the crude oil
    A) neutralising
    B)bleaching
    C)deodorising
    D)winterising
    E)hydrogenation
26
Q

What is dehulling of seeds in oil manufacture?

A

1st stage
Mechanically by grater or friction
- removes outer coat which does not contain oil, can then be used as animal feed

27
Q

What is extraction in oil manufacture?

A 
2 types mechanical and chemical
2nd stage
Mechanical:
- crushed, filtered and cold pressed
Chemical:
- immersed in solvent to extract oil and then distilled at 85c to remove solvent
28
Q

What is neutralising in oil manufacture?

A

1st stage of refinement

  • add phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide
  • Centrifuge
  • wash and filter
29
Q

What is bleaching in oil manufacture?

A

2nd stage of refinement

- by absorbing pigments in oil on to a solid matrix - important for frying oils

30
Q

What is deodorising in the manufacture of oil?

A

3rd stage of refinement

- inject with steam to strip unwanted material(mainly off flavours) - 270C

31
Q

What is winterising in the manufacture of oil?

A

4th stage of refinement

  • oils slowly cooled to produce crystals
  • high mp triglycerides are removed
  • Appledore fo salad oils that have to remain liquid at low temps without clouding
32
Q

What is hydrogenation in oil manufacture?

A

5th stage of refinement
- hydrogen added across double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids in the presence of a nickel catalyst
E.g. margarine

33
Q

What are environmental impacts of palm oil?

A

Destroying rainforest
Not sustainable
-lots of campaigns for it to be produced sustainable

34
Q

How much oilseed rape in canada is GM?

A

87%

35
Q

How much of the worlds soybean oil is GM?

A

82%

36
Q

What are the advantages of gm oils?

A 
higher yield
Less fertiliser
Less pesticides
Good for insects 
More nutrients
37
Q

What are the disadvantages of gm oils?

A

Not tested enough (don’t know health impacts)
More monoculture = threat to biodiversity
Jumping genes = can mix with non gm
Health concerns
Could trigger allergies

FOOD 1010: Food Origins And Form (11 decks)

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