Plants And Vegetabe Flashcards
How many calories come from pants and break this down into different plants
70%
- 25 = cereals
- 7 = potatoes
- 5 = fruit and veg
- 25= oils
- 15 = sugars
Does eating fruit and veg reduce risk of death and non-communicable disease?
Generally yes - no effect on cancer
Large affect on reduced risk or cardiovascular disease
Hazard ratios reduce with up to about 5 portions of fruit and veg after that = no effect
Why is there not a lot of data on fruit and veg reducing risk of cancer?
Cancer often genetic
Lots of different strains so difficult to say what impact diet has
Why could eating canned fruit/frozen fruit be worse than eating none at all?
Often due to association - eaten with cream etc and canned is often in syrup
What level of fruit and veg does the government advice people eat?
5 a day - different countries = different advice
What are the average fruit and veg purchases of an average and also a low income household and what is the wastage levels?
Average = 3.9 servings per day Low= 3 servings per day
20% is wasted so servings are likely 1 lower than above
What are the estimated tonnes of CO2 pp for a vegan?
1.5
What are the average tonnes of co2 pp for the average meat/veg eater?
2.5
What are the average tonnes of c02 pp for a meat lover?
3.3
How much did uni of Cambridge reduce their carbon footprint to when removing beef and lamb from food outlets
10.5%
What kind of plants do we eat and give examples () = not produced in UK
- cereals: wheat oat, rye, barley , maize (rice, millet,sorghum)
- veg: potatoes, carrots, onion, leaf salas, broccoli, cabbage, garlic
- fruit: apples, peas, berries (bananas, citrus, tropical)
- legumes: peas, green beans, faba beans (soya, peanuts baked beans)
- oil seeds: oilseed rape
- nuts: walnuts, hazelnuts, cob nuts (almonds, cashews)
List the vegetative plants and give examples
Leaves (cabbages, lettuce etc) Roots (carrots, parsnips) Shoots (asparagus) Stems (potatoes) Flowers (cauliflower) Bark (cinnamon/other spices)
How do plants grow?
By absorbing water, minerals and nitrogen from soil
Where does photosynthesis occur and why?
In green leaves = produces glucose
Glucose move into sink tissues (seeds and fruit) (storage roots and stems)
Where does glucose synthesis occur?
Chloroplasts
Where does glucose go?
Converted to sucrose and used throughout the cell.
Used for energy/ to build cellulose
Converted to starch for long term storage (potatoes)
Some sugar retained in leaf fo energy, especially in dark and cold/for drought protection (sugar binds to water = less water loss)
Prevents leaves freezing as sugar and water freeze at lower temps
Where does most sucrose go?
Joins the phloem vascular network towards the sink tissue
- sugar cane = sugar loaded phloem
What happens when sugar is stored in plants?
Sucrose is distributed to sink tissues
- in storage organs most is converted to starch
- in fruit, sugar goes to vacuole and splits into glucose and fructose
What is starch? Give details of the bonding
Dehydrated polymer of glucose:
- 2 glucose molecules linked by glycosidic bond
- condensation reaction =water released
- amylose/amylopectin are 2 main polymers (glucose in diff forms)
Amylose = long helical chain
Amylopectin = branched
What are potato starch granules? - give details about about the structure etc
Starch granules = insoluble in water
Very condensed or of energy storage for the plant
Crystalline ring form potatoes - regular repeating structure
Why are storage vegetable good sources of energy?
Would be v difficult to extract energy from a raw potato - enzymes that break down starch need to be in a watery environment and pots are very dry.
Potato tubers are storage stems.
There is a large genetic variation in potatoes
What are anthocyanins?
What give potatoes a purple couture
They are a colour molecule
They have an effect on lowering bp
