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Module 5 Week 2 > Successful Mating In The Mare Part 1 > Flashcards

Successful Mating In The Mare Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three ways horse breeding in mare/stallion can occur?

A

Natural (live) covering
Artificial insemination
Embryo transfer

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2
Q

What are horses bred for?

A

– Thoroughbred racing
• Natural (live) coverage only (no AI or embryo transfer)
– Purebreds e.g. Irish Draught, Shire, Dartmoor etc etc
– Sports horses
• Can be crossbred

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3
Q

Breeding occurs where?

A

• Stud farms might/might not be artificial insemination)
—Studswithstandingstallions
-Mares visit the stallion
—Boarding studs
-Broodmares and offspring
—Standingstallionsandboardingstuds
-Visiting mares and some resident broodmares

• Some native breeds
— Stallionsrunwithaherdofmares(andfoals)

• Veterinary clinics
-– Artificialinsemination

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4
Q

Veterinary responsibilities in horse breeding

A

— Routine treatment of all horses on premises
-preseason testing of resident stallions (andmares)

— Prevent any incoming spread of disease
-from visiting mares

—optimise conception rates
-determine correct time for mating/insemination
-maximise conception
-pregnancy diagnosis; re-examine uterus post covering & detect twin conception and REMOVE

—foaling duties
-neonatal care may be required

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of mares on stud farms. Describe each

A

Resident mares—>
-spend their whole time there; pregnancy+foaling+early post-partum
-may be covered on ‘foal-heat’
-certified disease free
-kept isolated from visiting mares
-treated as herd- vaccinated for specific viruses

Visiting mares—>
-arrive at stud when believed to be at start of oestrus
-either stay till pregnant or return later if not preggo
-certified disease free before arrival

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6
Q

What virus are resident mares vaccinated for?

A

Herpes virus

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7
Q

Breeding season of mares

A

Have annual rhythm of repro competency
Long day breeders
Seasonal polyoestrus- April to September
Anoestrus during winter months

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8
Q

Breeding season of thoroughbreds

A

– northern hemisphere season
• ‘official’ breeding time - 15th February to end of July
• 1st January is the official birth date of the horse (TB)
• Want foals born as close to this as possible (but not before)
– Southernhemisphere
• 1st August birth date and season September to December

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9
Q

How is early season breeding manipulated in mares

A

Photoperiod
-using artificial light to encourage early transition from anoestrus to regular oestrus cycles
-16hour light: 8hr dark from November/December
-horses need to be stabled

Hormones
-synthetic progesterone may hasten ovulator oestrus
-human hormone chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) may hasten first ovulation of breeding season

Physical conditions
-rising plane of nutrition as go into breeding season
-Replicates spring flush of grass

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10
Q

Name the 2 diseases that are of main concern to UK in mares (although neither are found in UK yet)

A

Contagious equine metritis (CEM)

Equine viral arteritis (EVA)

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11
Q

Contagious equine metritis (CEM)
-low risk to who
-causes what

A

-of low risk to mares
-causes infertility

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12
Q

What 2 swabs are used to check whether a horse has Contagious equine metritis (CEM) or not?

A
  1. Clitoral swab- at home premises or stallion stud
  2. Endometrial swab- during oestrus at stallion stud
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13
Q

Equine viral arthritis (EVA)- how is it checked

A

Checked taking a blood sample for serology

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14
Q

What are some ways used to assess the mares repro tract

A

• External genitalia
– Perineum,vulvarseal,discharge?
• Examine cervix and vestibule – Directpalpation
– Visuallyusingaspeculum
• Clitoral swab
– Microtip–forCEM
• Sample uterus
– Swabsforcultureandendometrialcytology – Endometrialbiopsy
• Transrectal palpation and ultrasonography – Cervix,uterusandovaries
• (Endoscopy of uterus)

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15
Q

What does a poor perineal conformation consist of?
What does a poor perineal conformation allow?

A

-recessed anus
-poor vulvar seal

-allows contamination (faecal) of vagina high allows ascending infection of uterus; endometritis

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16
Q

What are the 3 barriers of external genitalia in a horse?

A

– vulval seal
– vestibulovaginal ring
– cervix

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17
Q

What is caslicks procedure & what does it consist of?

A

Procedure done on cow with poor perineal conformation

-consists of Dorsal portion of vulva being sutured shut, only ventral portion open. This reduces vaginal contamination. Can be re-opened prior to foaling

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18
Q

How long is mare oestrus cycle?
How long is oestrus?
During oestrus when does ovulation occur?

A

21-22 days
5-6 days
24-48 hours

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19
Q

Which hormone causes a primary follicle to mature and
ovulate?

A

Luteinizing hormone

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20
Q

What is teasing of a horse

A

exposing her to a stallion or androgenised gelding to determine her sexual behaviour

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21
Q

What are things a mare will do during teasing during oestrus

A
  1. Tail raise
  2. Squat, tip pelvis
  3. Urinate
  4. Evert clitoris
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22
Q

What are things a mare will do during teasing during dioestrus

A

Switch tail
Kick, Squeal
Attempt to bite/avoid stallion

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23
Q

What will be seen in an ovarian examination during oestrus in mare

A

1 larger follicles +/- soft
Follicle may start ‘pointing’ near ovulation
No corpus luteum

24
Q

What will be seen in an ovarian examination during dioestrus in mare

A

Corpus luteum has formed
Follicles variable in size

25
Q

What will be seen in a uterine examination during oestrus in mare

A
  • uterus relaxed during palpation
    -Oedematous endometrial folds
26
Q

What will be seen in a uterine examination during dioestrus in mare

A

Uterus firm/toned
Uniform echogenicity of US

27
Q

What will be seen in a cervix examination during oestrus in mare

A

Cervix short, wide & relaxed, pink & drooping,
Lumen open

28
Q

What will be seen in a cervix examination during dioestrus in mare

A

Long narrow & firm cervix and pale & dry
Closed lumen

29
Q

What are the different ways a mare can be examined

A

Ovarian examination; ultrasound & rectal examination
Uterine examination; rectal and ultrasound
Cervix examination; rectal, US, visualisation with speculum & palpation (lumen palpation specifically)

30
Q

Maximum pregnancy rates achieved when breeding at what time relative to ovulation

A

48hrs before to 6 hours after ovulation

31
Q

2 ways in which ovulation can be induced

A
  1. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
    Hastens ovulation in cycling mares
    Has luteinizing hormone (LH) activity
  2. Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH; deslorelin)
    When dominant follicle ≥30mm induces ovulation within 48hrs of introduction of a subcutaneous implant
    Stimulates release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary gland
32
Q

What is synchronisation of oestrus

A

the process of manipulating the estrus cycle that results in standing estrus (heat) in the majority of animals in a short time

33
Q

Name the 2 ways of synchronising oestrus
-administered for how long
-oestrus occurs how long after injections
-ovulation occurs how long after injection

A
  1. Giving Synthetic Progestogens/progesterone
    Administered for 14 days
    Oestrus 4-7 days after treatment
    Ovulation occurs 7-12 days after treatment
  2. Prostaglandin F-2α
    Mares with a mature corpus luteum – shortens luteal phase
    Oestrus 2-4 days after injection
    Ovulation occurs 7-12 days after injection
34
Q

Why does breeding occur in post partum period?

A

In order for mare to foal at roughly same time next year, it should conceive in the next 25 days after giving birth otherwise foals are born later and later

35
Q

Natural covering: in-hand breeding

A

Natural way of mating

Mare:
– Remove hind shoes if present
– Appropriate restraint – bridle, +/-twitch
– Tail bandage +/- hind covering boots and neck cape
– Hygiene: vulva, perineum & hindlegs (warm water)

Stallion
– Hygiene: external genitalia cleaned with warm water

• Ensure brought to stallion at optimum time – Carefulmonitoring
• After 48 hours check mare has ovulated if not - recover • Aim to minimise number of matings
– saveonstallionandsemenforothermares

36
Q

Artificial insemination advantages

A

• One ejaculate divided into several insemination doses
–increased number of mares covered
• Mare can be bred to remote stallion
• Prevent disease transmission (especially venereal)
• Reduced uterine inflammation
• May improve fertility for some stallions
• Avoids breeding injuries
• Can assess semen before insemination

37
Q

Artificial insemination disadvantages

A

• Can be expensive
• Increased skill levels required
• Not all stallion’s semen can be used
• Risk of human injury during semen collection
• Not for Thoroughbreds

38
Q

What does artificial insemination require?

A

• Requires semen collection & handling –fresh/chilled/frozen semen
• Time to inseminate based on ultrasonography
• Need to inseminate 6h prior to ovulation to maximise conception

39
Q

How does artificial insemination work?

A

Semen collected from horse and Semen introduced into uterine body using a plastic catheter
-hand inserted through vulva to guide catheter through cervix

40
Q

Embryo transfer
-what is it
-advantages
-disadvantages

A

Implant embryos from mares unable to carry a foal

• Can collect multiple embryos per season from valuable mares
• Can collect embryos from mares unable to carry a foal

Expensive
Technically demanding
Not for thoroughbreds

41
Q

Postmating endometritis
What is it
How long does it last

A

Transient uterine inflammation in mare
-lasts for 24-48 hours

42
Q

Is postmating endometritis normal?

A

Yes!

43
Q

What happens if postmating endometritis lasts longer than 48hours

A

-can reduce mares fertility
-affects embryo survival and contamination

44
Q

How to minimise contamination during postmating

A

-Good hygiene
-Use of AI may help some
-‘Washout’ post-breeding uterine lavage- the clear out of any semen, debris and other things that could cause disease in the horse

45
Q

Pregnancy
-duration
-embryo implants at what time
-pregnancy rates at 1 oestrus

A

320-365 days (about 11 months)
Embryo implants at 16 days
Pregnancy rates vary from 35 to 75% at any 1 oestrus

46
Q

What is early Pregnancy diagnosis important for? (Ultrasonography)

A

• Essential for management reasons
– Ifneedfurtherattemptsforconception
• Allows identification of twins
– Wanttoavoidtwinpregnancy
– Difficulttoterminatepregnancyafter40days
– Early diagnosis allows the situation to be rectified
• ‘pinching’ of twins (destruction of one of the embryos)
• Can inject one with prostaglandin

47
Q

Why can horses not have twins?

A

1 placenta of mare is rarely. Enough to feed 2 foals and so they will usually both be found dead during pregnancy

48
Q

What are some ways of diagnosing a horse pregnancy?

A

—Teasing- exposing mare to a stallion or androgenised gelding to determine her sexual behaviour
—Blood hormone levels;
Progesterone- not reliable
-equine chorionic gonadotrophin
-oestrogen sulphate levels elevated after 100 days pregnancy
—veterinary exam
-ultrasonography & rectal palpation

49
Q

Which diagnosis of pregnancy is most reliable

A

Ultrasonography—>
-immediate results (15 days) (direction palpation can only occur at 40 days or so)
-gives clear detection of twins

50
Q

How many times can you scan an ultrasonography?

A

3 scan

51
Q

At what time is each ultrasonography scan taken and what is checked at each scan

A

First scan at 15 days:
– confirm pregnancy and detect twins
• Second scan at 25 to 28 days:
– Confirm normal development and not twins
– Detect heart beat
• Third scan at 34 days:
– Ideally repeat at this time but often not done
– Ensure still there

52
Q

Nutritional support of pregnant mare involves…

A

-being kept in good body condition
-gradually ^ nutrition in last 3 months

53
Q

Pregnancy loss
-when most commonly occurs
-due to what

A

-75% by 49 days
-Most losses due to placental dysfunction

54
Q

2 causes for placental dysfunction are:

A

Non infectious causes—>
Premature separation
Twins

Infectious—>
Placentitis

55
Q

Abortion
-occurs when?
-causes

A

Occurs before 300 days of gestation

Causes—>
– Viral(EHV-1) – Bacterial
– Fungal
– Non-infectious
• Twins
• Chromosomal abnormalities • Mare illness

Module 5 Week 2 (11 decks)

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