Substance Use Disorder Therapeutics Flashcards

1
Q

Substance Use Disorder DSM 5

A

Clinically significant impairment or distress manifested by at least two of the following in a 12 month period:

Substance taken in large amounts over longer period of time than intended, persistent desire or unsuccessful effort to cut down, great deal of time spent obtaining substance, strong cravings, continued use despite worsening problems, giving up other activities for drug and use continued despite knowing their is a problem

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2
Q

Best option(s) for Nicotine use disorder

A

Pharmacotherapy shows highest levels of success

Verenicline or combination of NRT patch with faster acting form give optimal results

Consider NRT for smoking reduction

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3
Q

First line Nicotine UD drugs

A

NRT (patch, gum, lozenge, spray, inhaler)

Bupropion (zyban), Verenicline

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4
Q

Second line Nicotine UD drugs

A

Nortriptyline, Clonidine

more ADEs

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5
Q

NRT common ADEs

A

All formulations: blurred vision, dizziness, headache, nervousness, pounding in ears

Patch: abnormal/vivid dreams, skin irritation

Nasal spray: irritation, burning, runny nose, watery eyes

Inhaler: airway irritation

Gum/lozenge: mouth sores, sore throat

Serious AEs: Tachycardia (monitor HR, BP), arrhythmia, anaphylaxis

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6
Q

NRT counseling points

A

Park gum

Do not chew or swallow lozenge

Remove patch before MRI

Patch is disposable (fold ends together and discard in garbage, do not cut)

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7
Q

Why is it bad to cut the nicotine patch? Additional useful information about the patch?

A

Causes rapid evaporation of nicotine

Remove patch before bedtime if patient experiences night time issues

Patch may be worn 16-24 hours (if left on longer, will cause skin irritation)

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8
Q

Verenicline as Nicotine UD drug

A

Partial agonist at a4b2 nicotinic receptors

Monitor patient for true abstinence and renal function

Common AEs: NV, flatulence, constipation, dream disorder, headache and insomnia

Rare and Serious AEs: angina, MI, CVA, visual disturbances, hostility, mood changes, suicidal ideation, seizures

Drug-Drug Interactions: bupropion, ethanol

Counseling: take after eating and with full glass of water, limit alcohol

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9
Q

Black Box Warning for Verenicline

A

CAUTION USE IN PSYCH PATIENTS (may worsen psychiatric symptoms)

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10
Q

Bupropion as Nicotine UD drug

A

Inhibits neuronal uptake of DA and NE

Monitor abstinence from tobacco, renal function, BP and psychiatric/neuro reactions

Common AEs: tachyarrhythmia, constipation

Serious AEs: cardiac dysrhythmia, seizure, depression, mania, psychotic disorder, suicidal thoughts

Drug-Drug Interactions: MAOIs, metoclopramide, methylene blue, linezolid

Counseling: avoid bedtime dosing due to insomnia, BID doses take 8 hours apart, skip missed dose

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11
Q

Contraindications for Bupropion

A

abrupt discontinuation of alcohol, benzos, barbs, antiepileptic drugs, MAOI use within 14 days, prior/current diagnosis of bulimia or anorexia, seizure disorder

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12
Q

Nortriptyline for Nicotine UD

A

TCA (inhibits serotonin and NE reuptake, also blocks H1 and a1)

Metabolized by 2D6

Monitor abstinence from tobacco, ECG (if cardiac diagnosis or hyperthyroidism), behavior changes, suicidal ideation

Common AEs: Constipation

Serious AEs: CV stuff, bone marrow suppression, hepatic failure, suicidal ideation

Drug-drug Interactions: QT prolonging agents, MAOIs, methylene blue, linezolid, metoclopramide

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13
Q

Contraindications with Nortriptyline

A

Use within 14 days of MAOI, use with linezolid or IV methylene blue, during acute recovery of MI

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14
Q

Clonidine in Nicotine UD

A

Centrally acting alpha 2 agonist

Dose usually 0.1 mg PO BID (if BP under 90/60, skip next dose; lower initial dose in renal impairment)

Monitor BP, HR

Common AEs: contact dermatitis, erythema, xerostomia, HA, dizziness, sedation

Drug-drug interactions with other antihypertensive drugs

Counseling: do not abruptly discontinue (rebound HTN), may cause somnolence

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15
Q

Nicotine patch dosing guidelines

A

if less than 10 cigs/day (21 mg patch x6 weeks, 14 x2 weeks, 7 x2 weeks)

If 10 or more/day (14mg patch x6 weeks, 7mg x2 weeks)

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16
Q

Nicotine gum or lozenge guidelines

A

if more than 10 (4mg gum/lozenge 1 piece q1-2h for 1-6 weeks, then 1 piece q2-4h for 7-9 , then 1 piece q4-8h for weeks 10-12)

If less than 10 use 2 mg lozenge

17
Q

Bupropion dosing regimen

A

Begin 1 week before quit date (start 150mg/day for 3 days, then increase to 150 bid at interval of 8 hours - max dose is 300/day)

18
Q

Verenicline dosing regiment

A

Begin 1 week before quit date (0.5mg for 1-3 days, then 0.5 BID for days 4-7, then 1 mg BID for 12 weeks)

19
Q

Nortriptyline dosing regimen

A

Begin 1 week before quit date (75-100mg daily for 6-14 weeks)

20
Q

Acute/mild alcohol withdrawal

A

Usually occurs within first several hours of cessation

Symptoms: anxiety, irritability, GI distress, increased BP and HR

Generally supportive care, close monitoring, thiamine is sufficient

21
Q

Severe withdrawal

A

Can occur up to several days after cessation

Symptoms: decreased attention, disorientation, hallucinations, tremor, tonic-clonic seizures, respiratory alkalosis, fever, alcohol withdrawal, delirium/delirium tremens

Benzos are primary treatment (Lorazepam, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, oxazepam)

Thiamine should be given (to prevent Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome)

Adjunct therapy: CBZ for withdrawal seizures, Beta blockers (tremor, HR, BP, sweating), Clonidine (tremor, HR, BP), Antipsychotics (low dose haldol)

22
Q

Considerations for benzo in alcohol withdrawal

A

Lorazepam and oxazepam are preferred for patients with severe hepatic disease, elderly, or those with delirium, dementia or another cognitive disorder

These agents are shorter acting than others

23
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A

Triad of confusion, ataxia and nystagmus

Technically 2 distinct syndromes: Wernicke encephalopathy (acute confusion), Korsakoff Dementia

24
Q

Alcohol UD maintenance therapy

A

Consider naltrexone injection if significant concern in adherence (acamprosate maybe?)

Weigh risks and benefits of disulfiram (best administered with witness)

Non-pharm with pharm always better

25
Q

Acomprosate

A

Stabilizes glutamatergic function (for effective than naltrexone in those with goal of abstinence)

Excreted by kidneys (caution in renal impairment)

Monitor for abstinence, renal function, depression and suicidality

Common AEs: Diarrhea

Counsel: takes 5-8 days for effect, continue taking if “slip”, notify doctor if suicidal thoughts or depression, do not crush, do not take missed dose if close to time of next dose

26
Q

Naltrexone for Alcohol UD Maintenance therapy

A

Pure opioid antagonist preventing rewarding effects of alcohol (abstain 3-7 days before initiation)

Monitor signs and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, depression and suicidal thoughts, LFTs

Caution on hepatotoxicity (usually when given more than 100mg a day)

Drug-drug interactions: opioids

27
Q

Disulfiram for alcohol UD maintenance therapy

A

Irreversibly binds to ALDH (can occur if taken within 2 weeks of alcohol)

Reaction can last up to 2 weeks (HA, N/V, flushing, warmth, hypotension, tachycardia, anxiety, dyspnea)

96% protein bound

Common AEs: metallic/garlic aftertaste, dermatitis

Rare/serious: hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, renal failure, cardiac disease

Drug-drug interactions: alcohol, metronidazole, warfarin (and other highly protein bound drugs)

Counsel on reaction, caution on drinking, let counselor know if you slip, watch for side effects

28
Q

Disulfiram contraindications

A

Use of metronidazole, recent alcohol ingestion, psychoses, severe myocardial disease or coronary occlusion

29
Q

Which alcohol maintenance drug can be used in liver disease?

A

Acamprosate

30
Q

Other options for alcohol UD maintenance therapy

A

SSRIs, baclofen (helpful in advanced alcohol liver disease), ondansetron (effective in younger patients alone or in combo with naltrexone), Gabapentin, Topiramate

31
Q

Describe mild-moderate opioid overdose

A

Symptoms: pupil contraction, slurred speech

If short-acting opioid, observe and release after a few hours

If longer acting, observe for 24-48 hours

32
Q

Describe Severe opioid overdose

A

respiratory depression, may be fatal, requires treatment

Symptoms: limp body, loss of consciousness, vomiting, choking sounds, respiratory depression, cyanosis

Naloxone reverses respiratory and CNS depression (o.4mg to 2mg, repeat 2-3min prn, if no response after 10mg, question narcotic ingestion)

33
Q

Naloxone

A

Mu opioid antagonist

30-80 minute t1/2

Monitor RR, BP, HR

Common AEs: Increased or decreased BP, increased HR, sweating, N/V

Rare/Serious: Cardiac arrest, coma, encephalopathy, seizure, pulmonary edema

34
Q

Opioid UD medication withdrawal strategies

A
  1. abrupt d/c with clonidine to suppress symptoms
  2. Clonidine-naltrexone (closely observe for first 8 hours)
  3. Methadone substitution (gradually taper by 5mg/day)
  4. Buprenorphine substitution
35
Q

Clonidine in opioid UD

A

Centrally acting a2 agonist (decreases NVD, cramps, sweating; does not help muscle aches, insomnia, distress and drug cravings)

Monitor BP, HR

Common ADs: hypotension, xerostomia, dizziness

Serious: AV block

Notable drug-drug interactions: other antihypertensives

Do not abruptly discontinue (rebound hypertension), may cause somnolence

36
Q

Opioid UD maintenance therapy guidelines

A

Agonist considered first line (methadone, buprenorphine/naloxone)

Use buprenorphine in monotherapy if pregnant

Start low, go slow

37
Q

Methadone in Opioid UD maintenance therapy

A

Full mu agonist

Metabolized by CYP3A4; 8-59 hours half life

Monitor ECG/QT, follow-up at 30 days and then annually

Common AEs: constipation, NV, sweating, sedation, dizziness, sexual difficulty, hypotension

Notable drug-drug interactions: QT prolonging drugs, CYP3A4 inhibitors/inducers, other CYP interacting drugs, serotonergic drugs

Counsel: advise against self-medicating with CNS depressants, serious overdose and death can occur

38
Q

Methadone contraindications

A

Acute bronchial asthma, paralytic ileus, significant respiratory disease

39
Q

Buprenorphine

A

Partial mu agonist, kappa antagonist

Poor oral, good sublingual bioavailability (CYP3A4 metabolism)

Monitor LFTs

Use in combo with naloxone (decreased risk of diversion from injection or snorting) or alone

Common AEs: constipation, NV, headache, sweating, hypotension, insomnia, sedation, drug withdrawal

Serious: hepatitis, hepatic failure, respiratory depression, MI

Drug-drug interactions: naltrexone, selected opioids, 3A4 inducers/inhibitors, drugs that cause CNS or respiratory depression

Counsel: strongly advise against self-medicating with CNS depressants, serious overdose or death can occur