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Pharmacy School 2016-17 > Schizophrenia and Bipolar Treatment > Flashcards

Schizophrenia and Bipolar Treatment Flashcards

1
Q

Schizophrenia Treatment Goals

A

Decrease symptoms

Increase quality of life (minimize adverse effects from treatment, including weight gain, constipation, dyspepsia, diabetes, cardiac and EPS)

Encourage adherence

Decrease hospitalizations/health care costs (Schizophrenics utilize police and ED more than most)

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2
Q

Schizophrenia Treatment guidelines (General)

A

First Gens (Typicals):
>reduce positive symptoms equally at equivalent doses
>do not reduce negative symptoms well
>increased EPS, anticholinergic, sedation and hypotension
>less risk for meatbolic syndrome

Second Gens (Atypicals):
>reduce positive symptoms well
>moderate efficacy for negative symptoms
>possible effect on increasing cognition (Lurasidone at 5HT7 receptor)
>less EPS (5HT2 antagonism in nigrostriatal DA pathway)
>high risk for metabolic syndrome

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3
Q

Describe Metabolic Syndrome

A

Increased weight gain, increased BP, increased cholesterol, increased diabetes/insulin resistance

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4
Q

FGA Dosing Considerations

A

Potency thought to be related to D2 occupancy/affinity | Higher D2 affinity associated with stronger potency (generally 60% affinity to be effective, AEs seen at >80% affinity)

Dosed on ‘Chlorpromazine’ (CPZ) equivalents | Treatment responsive, multi-episode schizophrenia dosing should be in range of 300-1000 mg CPZ equivalents

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5
Q

Increased risk of EPS leads to decreased risk of ______________

A

Sedation

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6
Q

SGA Dosing Considerations

A

Consider and dose to side effects: Initial dosing should be low, titrate slowly to side effects

Maintenance dosing: Watch for long term side effects (metabolic syndrome, QT prolongation, Prolactin release, EPS)

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7
Q

Schizophrenia Algorithm

A
  1. 2nd Generation First
  2. Switch to a different 2nd Gen or to a 1st Gen
  3. Clozapine (only after 2 failed trials with other antipsychotics)
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8
Q

Schizophrenia Treatment Guidelines (TMAP)

A

First episode: SGA (risperidone, quetiapine, aripiprazole)

Acute severe psychosis (acute positive symptoms): Haldol (first gen with high potency, good for acute positive symptoms); Olanzapine (SGA with strong M and H1 receptor action, sedating)

Maintenance (usually life-long):
>Younger (SGA preferred, less sedating, less EPS)
>Middle age (SGA or FGA, more weight gain, diabetes risk)
>Treatment resistance (FGA or clozapine)
>Pregnant (Clozapine or Lurasidone, both Category B)

Special Considerations:
>Ziprasidone and Lurasidone must be taken with 350-500 cals of food
>the most common EPS with SGA is akathisia
>If cardiac concerns, avoid ziprasidone
>Risperidone doses over 6mg have heightened EPS risk

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9
Q

Schizophrenia Treatment Resistance Guidelines

A

After failed first drug, try a different SGA or FGA

After 2 failed trials, switch to Clozapine or an alternative SGA/FGA

Clozapine needs:
>weekly lab draws (WBC/ANC) and coordination between pharmacy and physician for dosing and lab draws
>REMS Clozapine Registry
>RPh do not dispense until next lab draw

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10
Q

Neutropenia and Luekopenia

A

Clozapine has high neutropenia/agranulocytosis risk

All FGA and SGA have risk of neutropenia (usually seen 4 weeks to 4 months of use; Haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone)

Neutropenia defined as neutrophil cound below 1500/uL in whites and under 1200 for African/Middle Eastern

Leukopenia defined as white blood cell count under 4000/uL

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11
Q

Antipsychotic Adequate Trial

A

To classify as a non-responder you need to use an antipsychotic for at least 4-6 weeks (may need up to 12 weeks for Clozapine)

Assessing full 5effects of antipsychotics may take up to 12 weeks for all (up to 6 months for clozapine) –> meds can be switched sooner if there is acute relapse resulting in danger to themselves or to others

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12
Q

Antipsychotics risk of weight gain

A

Highest Risk: (SGA) olanzapine = clozapine)

Medium-High Risk: Low potency FGA

Medium Risk: Risperidone = Paliperidone = quetiapine

Medium-Low Risk: Medium potency FGA

Low Risk: High potency FGA = Aripiprazole = Ziprasidone

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13
Q

Diabetes/Insulin Resistance in antipsychotics

A

High Risk: (SGA) Colzapine, Olanzapine

Moderate RIsk: (SGA) Quetiapine, Risperidone

Lower Risk: Ziprasidone, Aripiprazole, FGAs

Should check HbA1c and blood glucose quartlerly when on SGAs

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14
Q

Prolactin Elevation Risk

A

Highest Risk: Risperidone = paliperidone = Haldol

High Risk: FGA

Medium-High Risk: Olanzapine

Medium Risk: Ziprasidone

Medium-Low Risk: Quetiapine = Clozapine

Low Risk: Aripiprazole

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15
Q

QT Prolongation Relative Risk

A

Highest Risk: Thioridazine, pimozide

High Risk: Ziprasidone > Paliperidone

Medium High Risk: Quetiapine = Risperidone = Olanzapine = Haloperidol

Medium Risk: Clozapine

Medium-Low Risk: Aripiprazole = Fluphenazine = Chlorpromazine

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16
Q

Clozapine Metabolism

A

Clozapine uses CYP1A2, 3A4 and 2D6 pathways for its metabolism

Cigarette smoking is a strong CYP1A2 inducer

75% of schizophrenic patients smoke

Caffeine also induces 1A2

*also a problem in olanzapine

17
Q

Long-Acting AP injectables

A

Improve adherence to medication

Given in deltoid or glutes | Some pharmacists will administer

Very expensive | Some drug companies help pay or have assistance programs

If AEs present, there is no way to retrieve out of body

Always start with oral form first, then move to injectable

18
Q

Medical Conditions which may precipitate mania

A

Stroke, Traumatic brain injury, Epilepsy, HIV/AIDS, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (may not have bipolar disorder), Vitamin B12 deficiency, Cushing’s disease, Sleep deprivation, Light exposure, Extreme Stress, Wilson’s Disease

19
Q

Drugs which may precipitate mania

A

Alcohol, bronchodilators, caffeine, cocaine, stimulants, steroids, tricyclic antidepressants, hallucinogens, dopamine agonists, pseudoephedrine, interferon

20
Q

Bipolar DIsease (classification)

A

Bipolar 1 (classic bipolar disorder; both manic and depressive episodes of varying length)

Bipolar 2 (less severe manic episodes with similar bipolar episodes to Bipolar 1)

Cyclothymia (chronic but milder form of bipolar disorder; hypomania and depression that may last for years)

Mixed episodes (mania and depression occur simultaneously; individuals feel hopeless and depressed yet energetic and motivated to engage in risky behaviors)

Rapid cycling (four or more episodes of mania, depression or both within 1 year)

21
Q

Bipolar Disorder Diagnosis

A

Destructive times for patients are either in Mania or Depressive phases of illness

Manic: at least 7 days when person has abnormally or persistently elevated or irritable mood; may alternate back and forth between elevated and irritable

22
Q

Symptoms of manic episodes (DSM 5))

A

Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity (ranges from uncritical self-confidence to a delusional sense of expertise)

Decreased need for sleep

Intensified speech

Rapid jumping around of ideas or feels like thoughts are racing

Distractibility

Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation (pacing, inability to sit still, pulling at skin or clothing)

Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high risk consequence

23
Q

Hypomanic Symptoms (DSM 5)

A

Hypomanic episode is very similar to a manic one, but less intense

Only required to persist for 4 days and it should be observed by others that the person is noticeable different from his/her regular, non-depressed mood and that the change has an impact on his or her functioning

24
Q

Bipolar Disorder 1 Treatment

A

Step 1: Lithium, VPA, or SGA (aripiprazole, quetiapine, olanzapine, paliperidone, risperidone, ziprasidone); Lithium OR VPA + SGA

Step 2: Switch agent with alternative (SGA, Li, or VPA); combine agents (Lithium, VPA or SGA - never 2 SGAs or clozapine)

Step 3: Combination (see above), CBZ, FGA or OXC

Step 4: ECT, adjunct with clozapine, Lithium + (VPA, CBZ or OXC) + SGA

25
Q

Best Treatment Evidence for Mania

A

For euphoric hypomania/mania or psychotic mania (Lithium, valproate, aripiprazole, quetiapine, risperidone, or ziprasidone)

For dysphoric or mixed episodes (Divalproex, risperidone, aripiprazole, or ziprasidone)

Secondary options (CBZ - many drug interactions; Olanzapine - metabolic syndrome risk)

Combinations (lithium + VPA, Lithium + AAP (risperidone, quetiapine, olanzapine) ) OR (CBZ or oxcarbazepine + typical AP like haldol or perphenazine)

26
Q

Don’t use ______________ by itself if patient has history of mania

A

Lamotrigine

27
Q

Best evidence for Bipolar 2 or severe BPD1 with depression

A

If on lithium, add lamotrigine or quetiapine, then olanzapine with fluoxetine

If not on lithium, add Lamotrigine or QTP plus an antimanic (lithium, VPA or CPZ)
*make sure to watch out for VPA and Lamotrigine drug interactions

If not on Lithium and has not had a recent or severe manic episode, may try Lamotrigine by itself

May add on olanzapine or olanzapine with flu`oxetine

28
Q

Antidepressants in bipolar disorder

A

Controversial | Not recommended as monotherapy due to mania switch | Not recommended in BPD 1 but may be appropriate in BPD 2 with mood stabilizer on board (lithium or lamotrigine) but evidence of improved stability is lacking

Suggested antidepressants are SSRI, SNRI (venlafaxine), MAOI (phenelzine)
*Avoid TCAs due to overdose potential

29
Q

Later stages of Bipolar treatment or resistance

A

Oxcarbazepine (watch for hyponatremia)

Clozapine (treatment resistant cases only - for severe mania/mixed)

ECT (treatment resistant cases only - highly effective for acute mania)

Inhaled Loxapine (indicated to treat acute agitation in Bipolar 1)

30
Q

Lithium

A

Indicated for acute mania and maintenance treatment in BPD 1 and 2

Serum levels 0.5-1.0 mEq/L

Prophylactic benefits are better for episodes or mania than for depression recurrence

Long term lithium treatment leads to a 5 fold decrease in suicide risk compared with placebo and other treatment
Has neuroprotection (direct-illness modifying effect)
31
Q

Lithium Adverse Effects

A

Cognitive dulling (memory impairment)

Tremor in hands | Slow information processing speed

Weight gain, Edema, Dermatitis

Polyuria in 70% and Diabetes Insipidus in 12-20%

Hypothyroidism (30% of long term patients) - causes breakthrough depression

Leukocytosis (increased WBC)

Pregnancy Category D (Cardiac malformations in trimester 1)

32
Q

Lithium drug interactions

A

Should not be given with, or cautiously with:

NSAIDs (chronic or high intermittent use) increases Lithium

Ace inhibitors (Lisinopril, Enalapril) increase lithium

Thiazide diuretics (give with caution and with lowered lithium dose)

Na/Li balance required –> Too little Na will cause high Li

Haloperidol (encephalopathy has occured)

33
Q

Lithium toxicity

A

Lithium level above 1.2, however, symptoms can appear within normal limits

GI upset, NVD, tremor, dystonia, hyperreflexia, ataxia, cardiac dysrhythmias

Neurotoxicity: confusion, stupor, decreased cognition, restlessness

Nephrotoxicity (dialysis required when Li levels greater than 4 mEq/L; Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus)

Dehydration can cause Li toxicity

34
Q

Encephalopathy

A

Haldo + Lithium increase risk of neurological disorders, especially encephalopathy (other antipsychotics with Lithium have also been reported)

Symptoms: weakness, fever, tremors, lethargy, fluctuating cognition, delirium, ataxia, rigor in extremities, akinesia

EEG determiens neurological impairment

Stopping medications involved will usually reverse syndrome

35
Q

Pharmacists role in lithium patient

A

Li low therapuetic index so get in this for lab levels (Labs will be reduced as patient takes Li for longer time)

Keep patient hydrated but avoid polydispia, take at bedtime with light snack if nausea, do not restrict sodium intake

Do not take with NSAIDs, COX2 inhibitors, ACEIs or diuretics without telling MD

May experience light hand tremor that may go away

Don’t stop taking med or interrupt treatment without MD

Notify MD if diarrhea, vomiting, unsteady GAIT, excessive urination, weak muscle onset, significant tremor, confusion, ataxia or slurred speech

Don’t start antidepressant without psychiatrist (No St. John’s wort, SAM-e, etc.)

36
Q

Valproate

A

Valproic Acid IR TID

Divalproex (Depakote):
>Sprinkles DR on food
>DR BID
>ER Qd, less nausea, and 10-20% less bioequivalent doses
*DR 500 mg = ER 750 mg
>Therapeutic range is 50-125 mcg/L
>AEs: Sedation, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, in acutely manic patients
>Other AEs: Weight gain, reduced platelets and WBC, increased ammonia levels (encephalopathy in toxicity), alopecia in maintenance patients

37
Q

Lamotrigine

A

Useful for Bipolar depression (limited anti-mania efficacy)

Often used with Lithium

Should not be used if history of severe or recent mania without antimanic on board

Pharmacy School 2016-17 (22 decks)

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