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Psyc 2020 - Final exam > Substance Use and Impulse Control (week 12) > Flashcards

Substance Use and Impulse Control (week 12) Flashcards

1
Q

Substance:

A

Chemical compounds ingested to alter mood or behaviour

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2
Q

Psychoactive substances:

A

alter mood, behaviour, or both
includes: Commonplace legal drugs, such as alcohol, nicotine, found
in tobacco, the caffeine in coffee and tea

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3
Q

Polysubstance:

A

Using multiple substances

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4
Q

Levels of substance involvement

A
  • Substance use
  • Substance intoxication
  • Substance abuse
  • Substance dependence
  • Substance withdrawal
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5
Q

Substance use criteria

A
  • Ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate
    amounts
  • does not significantly interfere with social, educational, or
    occupational functioning
  • Examples of use: coffee, drinks with a friend
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6
Q

Substance intoxication criteria

A
  • Substance intoxication: drunkenness
  • Interaction of variables
  • Type of drug taken, the amount ingested, and the person’s
    individual biological reaction
  • Intoxication experienced as impaired judgment, mood
    changes, and lowered motor ability
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7
Q

Substance use disorder

A
  • Problematic substance use
  • Interference with life
  • Job, relationship, education, risk taking (e.g., driving)
  • Disorder described as an “addiction”
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8
Q

Substance use disorder DSM criteria

A

*** at least 2 syptoms in the past year: mild - 2-3, moderate- 4-5, severe - 6 or more
1) Taken in larger amounts or over longer period then intended
2) Persistent desire to use/ unsuccess effort to cut down
3) Great deal of time spent obtaining substance
4) Craving
5) Recurrent use results in failure to fulfill major role obligations
6) Causes social or interpersonal problems
7) Important social, job, or rec activities given up or reduced
8) Use in situations that are hazardous
9) Continued despite recurrent physical or psychological problems
10) Tolerance
11) Withdrawal

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9
Q

Physiological dependence:

A
  • Tolerance: greater amounts of drug needed to experience same
    effect
  • Withdrawal: negative physical response when the substance is no
    longer ingested
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10
Q

Psychological dependance

A

behavioural reactions to
substance dependence
* Drug-seeking behaviours

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11
Q

Diagnostic issues in substance use disorder

A
  • Substance use might occur concurrently with other
    disorders
  • Drug intoxication and withdrawal cause increased risk
    taking, which increases drug use
  • Mental health disorders cause substance use disorder
  • Depression → alcohol use OR alcohol use → Depression
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12
Q

5 general categories of substances

A
  • Depressants
  • Stimulants
  • Opioids
  • Hallucinogens
  • Other drugs
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13
Q

Alcohol-related disorders clinical description

A
  • Depressant, inhibitory centres in the brain are depressed, or
    slowed
  • Continued drinking depresses more areas of the brain
  • Impaired motor coordination
  • Slower reaction time
  • Confused, poor judgments
  • Vision and hearing affected
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14
Q

Alcohol-related disorder effects

A
  • Influences several neuroreceptor systems
  • GABA, inhibitory neurotransmitter, blackouts
  • Releases natural analgesics
  • Organ damage (liver cirrhosis)
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15
Q

Delirium tremens (DTs)

A

Frightening hallucinations and body tremors

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16
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

Affects child whose mother drank while she was pregnant

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17
Q

Sedative related disorders:

A

Calming

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18
Q

Hypnotic related disorders:

A

sleep-inducing

19
Q

Anxiolytic related disorders:

A

anxiety-reducing

20
Q

Barbiturates:

A

relax muscles
- low doses produce mild feeling of well being
-overdosing is common means of suicide

21
Q

Benzodiazepines:

A

calming, induces sleep
- tolerance and dependence with repeated use

22
Q

Stimulants:

A

Amphetamines
Cocaine
Tobacco

23
Q

Amphetamines

A
  • DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for intoxication in amphetamine use
    disorders include
  • Behavioural symptoms: euphoria or affective blunting, anxiety etc.
  • Physiological symptoms: changes in HR, BP, chills etc.
  • Stimulate central nervous system
  • Enhance activity of norepinephrine and dopamine
  • Lead to hallucinations and delusions
24
Q

Cocaine

A
  • Derived from leaves of the coca plant
  • Increases alertness, euphoria, increases BP and pulse
  • High from dopamine system impact
  • Snorted, smoked or injected (crack cocaine)
25
Q

cocaine clinical description

A

increases alertness, blood pressure; causes
insomnia

26
Q

Caffeine related disorders

A
  • “Gentle stimulant” found in tea, coffee, many soda drinks,
    cocoa products
  • Elevates mood, decreases fatigue
  • Causes insomnia
  • Tolerance and dependence with overuse
  • DSM-5 includes caffeine use disorder:
  • Problematic caffeine use that causes significant impairment and
    distress
27
Q

Opioids

A
  • Opiate: natural chemicals in opium poppy having a
    narcotic effect
  • Sleep-inducing, pain-relieving (analgesic)
  • Canada in grip of opioid crisis: prescription and illegal; high in
    First Nations adults
  • Withdrawal is unpleasant
  • Intravenously taken: risks of HIV
28
Q

LSD

A
  • LSD (acid; d-lysergic acid diethylamide)
  • “Acid”
  • Historically used as part of therapy
  • Other drugs
  • Psilocybin (mushrooms), lysergic acid amide, dimethyltryptamine
    (DMT), mescaline (peyote), phencyclidine (PCP)
  • Tolerance develops quickly
  • Limited withdrawal symptoms
29
Q

LSD DSM criteria

A
  • Perceptual changes: subjective intensification of perceptions,
    depersonalization, and hallucinations
  • Physical symptoms: pupillary dilation, rapid heartbeat, sweating,
    blurred vision (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
  • “Bad trips” High Risk/ concerns with psychotic reactions
30
Q

Cannabis

A
  • Cannabis (marijuana) most routinely used drug in Canada;
    2019 cannabis use was 15%
  • Alters perceptions; mood swings
  • Impairment of memory, concentration, motivation, self-
    esteem, relationship with others
  • Potentially helpful for some medical conditions (e.g., nausea
    in chemo patients)
31
Q

causes of substance use

A

Familial and Genetic Influences
* Genetic vulnerability to drug abuse, alcoholism
* A gene of chromosome 4 may prevent alcohol dependence
* Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) may be absent in some
people
* Gene DRD2 may be related to alcoholism
Neurobiological Influences
* Psychoactive drugs activate reward centre of the brain
* Sensitization: repeated exposure to stimulant drugs leads to increased
dopamine release when taking the drug

32
Q

Causes: psychological dimensions of substance use

A

Positive Reinforcement
* Psychoactive drugs provide a pleasurable experience
* Use increase leads to tolerance increase
* Sometimes drugs are combined to enhance pleasurable experience
Negative Reinforcement
* Psychoactive drugs provide escape from physical pain (opioids), from
stress (alcohol), or from panic and anxiety (benzodiazepines)
* Opponent-process theory
* Experience an unpleasant crash after being high

33
Q

Treatment of substance use

A
  • Substance abusers arrive at treatment at different stages to
    change substance use behaviour
  • Motivational enhancement therapy (MET): increase
    motivation to change behaviour
  • Also called “Motivational interviewing”
34
Q

Biological treatment (antagonist)

A

block or counteract the effects of psychoactive drugs

35
Q

What is Naltrexone?

A

Opioid-antagonist drug
* Produces immediate withdrawal symptoms
* Also given for alcohol dependence
* A relatively new drug, ondansetron, is being studied

36
Q

Biological treatment (aversive)

A
  • Prescribed drugs make ingesting abused substances
    extremely unpleasant
  • Disulfiram (Antabuse) used for alcohol disorder
  • Problem of noncompliance
  • For smoking aversion: silver nitrate in lozenges or gum
37
Q

different Psychosocial treatments for substance use

A
  • Inpatient facilities
  • Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
  • Controlled use
  • Component treatment
  • Relapse prevention
38
Q

How does psychosocial treatment help with substance abuse?

A

Harm Reduction
* Controlled drinking
* Safe injection sites (SISs)
Prevention
* Education-based programs
* Community-based interventions
* Cooperation of governmental, educational, and other social
institutions determine success

39
Q

Impulse control disorder: Gambling disorder

A
  • Lifetime estimate of approximately 2% Americans
  • Job loss, bankruptcy, arrests
  • Similar to substance use disorders
  • Tolerance and withdrawal
  • DSM-5: addictive disorders
  • People with gambling disorder: in denial, impulsive,
    continually optimistic
  • Internet gambling disorder
40
Q

impulse control disorder: intermittent explosive disorder

A

Aggressive impulses
resulting in serious assaults, destruction of property
* Lifetime prevalence is 7%

41
Q

Impulse control disorder: Kleptomania

A

recurrent failure to resist urges to steal things;
stigma associated; illegal

42
Q

Impulse control disorder: pyromania

A

irresistible urge to set fires

43
Q

Treatment for Impulse control disorders

A

cognitive-behavioural

Psyc 2020 - Final exam (6 decks)

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