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Year 3 - Mental Health > Substance Misuse > Flashcards

Substance Misuse Flashcards

1
Q

What factors can influence the development of addiction?

A

Genetics

Neurobiological

Social

Behavioural

Attachment

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2
Q

What are some worrying symptoms of an alcohol related presentation?

A

Head injury

Confusion

Shaking/seizures

Hallucinations

Vomiting blood or coffee grounds

Severe abdominal pain

Sudden jaundice

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3
Q

What are the common causes of alcohol related mortality?

A

Fights

Falls

Liver failure

Pancreatitis

Overdose

Withdrawal

Wernike’s Encephalopathy

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4
Q

What are some early symptoms of alcohol withdrawal?

A

Tremor

Sweating

Nausea

Anxiety

Tachycardia

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5
Q

What are some late symptoms of alcohol withdrawal?

A

Delirium

Disorientation

Hallucination

Tremor

Fever

Lack of motor co-ordination

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6
Q

What percentage of chronic alcoholics develop Wernike’s encephalopathy?

A

10%

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7
Q

What is the mortality rate of untreated Wernike’s encephalopathy?

A

15-20%

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of Wernike’s encephalopathy?

A

Ataxia

Nystagmus

Ophthalmoplegia

Vomiting

Altered level of consciousness

Fever or hypothermia

Ptosis and abnormal pupillary reflexe

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9
Q

What causes Wernike’s encephalopathy?

A

Alcoholism leads to malnutrition and deficiency in Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

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10
Q

What effect does thiamin deficiency have on the brain in Wernike’s encephalopathy?

A

Causes brain lesions in the midbrain

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11
Q

How long do thiamine stores typically last?

A

1 month

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12
Q

How long does it take for Wernike’s encephalopathy to present?

A

Can present with symptoms within one week

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13
Q

How is Wernike’s encephalopathy treated?

A

Parenteral thiamine

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14
Q

What does Wernike’s encephalopathy often proceed?

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

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15
Q

How does Korsakoff’s syndrome present?

A

Prominent impairment of recent and remote memory

Disordering of events

Impaired ability to learn new things

Marked confabulation (not always present)

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16
Q

What is confabulation?

A

Invented memories to compensate for forgotten ones

17
Q

When assessing drug addiction as part of a history, what is it important to explore?

A

Social history - particularly housing and support

18
Q

When exploring a history of drug use, what should be considered?

A

What drug(s)?

How long?

How much?/How much spent?

How often?

Withdrawal symptoms?

Previous treatment?

Previous complications or OD’s?

Risk of BBV’s?

19
Q

What kind of drug is heroin?

A

Opiate

20
Q

What are some signs of heroin use?

A

Pin point pupils

Decreasing consciousness

Slow breathing

21
Q

What are the early (~12 hours) signs of opiate withdrawal?

A

Clammy skin

Persistent yawning

Rhinorrhoea

Tachycardia

Restlessness

Dilated pupils

Lacrimation

Goosebumps

22
Q

What are the later (2-3 days) signs of opiate withdrawal?

A

Nausea and vomiting

Diarrhoea

Insomnia

Abdominal cramps

Muscle pains

23
Q

How can opiate addiction be treated?

A

Methadone

Buprenorphine

Detox and rehab

24
Q

Why is methadone used to treat opiate addiction?

A

Less addictive than heroin so allows people to move on

25
Q

How is buprenorphine administered?

A

Sublingual tablet once a day

26
Q

How does buprenorphine exert its effects?

A

By acting as a partial agonist of opiate receptors

27
Q

What length of rehab is recommended for people with opiate addictions?

A

6 months

28
Q

What type of drug is diazepam?

A

Benzodiazepine

29
Q

What are the risks associated with diazepam abuse?

A

Withdrawal

Overdose

Dependency

30
Q

How is diazepam addiction treated?

A

Reduce supply

Pregabalin

31
Q

What kinds of drugs are cocaine and amphetamines?

A

Stimulants

32
Q

What can stimulant abuse lead to?

A

Heart attacks

Strokes

Liver problems

Psychosis

33
Q

What can cause acute psychosis?

A

Hallucinogens

Year 3 - Mental Health (12 decks)

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