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Philosophy 3 > Subluxation Models - Main Notes > Flashcards

Subluxation Models - Main Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Qualifying feature of Intervertebral Subluxation

A

Partial Dislocation

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2
Q

What are some mechanisms involved in causing vertebral subluxations

A
  • Postural stress
  • Trauma
  • IVD Degeneration
  • Erosive arthritides and Autoimmune Conditions
  • Infections
  • Congenital and Developmental Factors
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3
Q

T or F

Scientific literature suggests Intervertebral subluxation is a common entity

A

T

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4
Q

______ is the branch of mechanics that deals with the equilibrium of bodies at rest or in motion with zero acceleration

A

Statics

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5
Q

Who was the developer of the basic and compensatory distortion model of the spine in chiropractic

A

Dr. Willard Carver

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6
Q

Vertebral segments at _____ and ______ of normal and compensatory curves under greater mechanical stress

A

apices and transitions

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7
Q

What are the most vulnerable areas if the apices and transitions are under the most mechanical stress?

A 
Occ-C1-C2
C4
C7-T1
T7-T8
T12
L3 and
Lumbosacral

** these areas are predisposed to injury and partial subluxation

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8
Q

What are some of the things that are thought to cause fixation/Hypomobility in the Biomechanical Model/Hypothesis?

A

1) Adhesion in Synovial Joints (Rahlman)
2) Meniscoid Entrapment (Lewit, Bogduk, Giles)
3) IVD Degeneration and Fragmentation (Cyriax, Sandoz)
4) Postural Muscle Hypertonicity (Korr)
5) Inflammation/Edema in Facet Joints

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9
Q

________ is a branch of mechanics that studies

with the relationship between the forces acting on a body and the changes they produce in the motion of the body

A

Kinetics

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10
Q

What is the concept of Compensation reactions and who thought of it?

A

Jirout, Kirkaldy-Willis

the concept that hypomobility in a motion segment leads to compensatory hypermobility elsewhere

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11
Q

What are Kapandji’s Ideas? What Subluxation Model do his ideas fall under?

A

Change in central axis of motion

Biomechanical

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12
Q

What are Mennels Ideas? What subluxation model do his ideas fall under?

A

Loss of Joint end play

Biomechanical

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13
Q

What are Suh, Plaugher et al’s ideas and what model do their ideas fit under?

A

Positional Dyskinesia

Biomechanical

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14
Q

What does the 4 phase model of subluxation degeneration include?

A

Biomechanical effects of chronic uncorrected VSC and Biomechanical response to adjustments

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15
Q

What occurs in phase 1 of the 4 phase model of subluxation degeneration

A

Motility Aberrations are present, Bony Architecture is intact, there are initial soft tissue changes and if adjust the body will return to near normal with care in weeks to months

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16
Q

What occurs in phase 2 of the 4 phase model of subluxation degeneration

A

Phase 1 changes are present plus fibrosis, early osseous changes are seen on x-ray, disc bony outlines change and if adjusted the body will see significant improvements but long term care over several years is required to halt degeneration

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17
Q

Under which phase of the 4 phase model of subluxation degeneration will the patient require lifetime care because their response to adjustments are slow and mostly geared towards retarding the progression of degeneration

A

Phase 3

18
Q

What kinds of symptoms are seen in phase 3 of the 4 phase model of subluxation degeneration

A

Major degenerative changes and regenerative changes, beginning of bony fusion in anterior and posterior motor units

19
Q

In which phase of the 4 phase model of subluxation degeneration does the body return to near normal after only a few weeks/months of adjustments

A

Phase 1

20
Q

What does phase 4 of the 4 phase model of subluxation degeneration look like in a patient

A

They are elderly and have total fusions of motor units plus all the changes from the last 3 phases.

their body does not respond to adjustments but at this point we are trying to retard the progression of degeneration in those segments in which are not yet in phase 4

21
Q

What are the 3 phases of the Unified (3-phase) model of VSC

A

1) Segmental Dysfunction (Kinesiopathology)
2) Instability (“true” Subluxation, histopathology)
3) Stabilization (Significant DJD, Anylosis)

22
Q

In the Unified (3 phase model) for VSC in which phase is there considered to be “true” subluxation that can be radiographically demonstrable

A

2nd Phase (Instability)

23
Q

In which phase of the Unified (3-phase model) for VSC is there significant DJD and Anylosis?

A

3rd Phase ( Stabilization)

24
Q

in version 1 of the Unified (3-phase model) for VSC what is the initiation factor? What is the initiating factor for Version 2

A

Version 1 Trauma

Version 2 - Immobilization
*** no “true” subluxation present in version 2 - immobilization causes “facilitative” lesion due to chronic muscle contracture and impaired circulation to joint

25
Q

How does IVF encroachment cause degenerative changes

A

1) Stimulates small Primary Afferent Fibers
2) Substance P of VIP is released in IVF and Facet Joints
3) Synthesis of proteolytic enzymes occurs
4) Degenerative Changes occur which cause further encroachment and structural changes leading to subluxation

26
Q 
Which Subluxation Model do Nerve root and nerve root compression/traction/torsion fit under?
A) Biomechanical
B) Neurological
C) Trophic 
D) Psychosocial
A

B) Neurologic

27
Q

what does the term Neurothipsis refer to?

A

pressure on a nerve direct or indirect

28
Q

DRG and Nerve roots are summarized to be ___x more sensitive to compressive forces as compared to peripheral nerves

A

5x

29
Q

DRG cells are known to become ___________ when inflamed, and may even give rise to spontaneous neural dishcarges

A

hyperexciteable

30
Q

with exception of the first two spinal nerves all DRG lie within _____ in close association with the joint

A

IVF

31
Q

what is the term for spinal compression/traction

A

myelopathy

32
Q

subluxations of the cervical spine, particularly C1,
can cause the stabilizing attachments of the
___________ to distort the cord by traction,
leading to neural dysfunction (Grostic)

A

dentate ligaments

33
Q

What is the dorsal column responsible for?

A

kinesthesia, fine touch, fine pressure, vibration

34
Q

historically, it was felt by researchers such as Irvin Korr,
that the highly-innervated tissues around spinal joints,
including _________, may become irritated,
leading to reflex modifications in postural muscle
tonus and neural integration of postural activities

A

proprioceptors

35
Q

which reflex hypothesis has to do with proprioceptive insult?

A

Somatosomatic

36
Q

In the somatosomatic model what happens?

A

somatic afferent bombardment of the dorsal horn leads to a fascilitated cord segment and resultant somatic effects such as muscle spasm, pain, hypermobility and misalignment

37
Q

T of F
The somatosomatic reflex hypothesis is self-inhibiting
(i.e proprioceptive irritation leads to muscle spasm which inhibits further proprioceptive irritation)

A

F
It is Self-Sustaining
- positive feedback cycle

38
Q

_________ may be a more immediate/acute result of spinal fixation;
A) Stimulation of Proprioceptors
B) Stimulation of Nociceptors
C) Inhibition of Mechanoreceptors

A

C) Inhibition of Mechanoreceptors

** Deprices CNS of much needed feedback

39
Q

What is Seemans idea of “Dysafferentation”

A

that nociceptor input is increased and Mechanorecepto input is decreased which reduces the ability to inhibit pain in the spinal cord and may magnify symptoms resulting from nociceptor input

40
Q

What is the Somatoautonomic reflex Hypothesis

A

Afferent Bombardment due to VSC can cause lateral horn cells to be fascilitated (SNS) leading to visceral dysfunction

Philosophy 3 (9 decks)

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