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Blood Banking > Subgroups, Secretors, and ABO discrepancies > Flashcards

Subgroups, Secretors, and ABO discrepancies Flashcards

1
Q

variation in the antigen that makes it difficult for the other subgroups

A

subgroups

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2
Q

Give the percentage and reaction of A antigen subgroups:

A
  • A1
    • 80%
    • reacts wtih anti-A & anti-A1
  • A2
    • 20%
    • reacts with anti-A
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3
Q

Give weaker A subgroups

A
  • A3
  • An
  • Al
  • Aint
  • Ax
  • Ay
  • Az
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4
Q

Give B subgroups

A
  • B1
  • B2
  • B3
  • Bm
  • Bw
  • Bx
  • Bell
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5
Q

Give AB subgroups

A
  • A1B
  • A2B
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6
Q

What are the quantitative basis to differentiate A1 & A2?

A
  • antigen sites
  • [α-3-N-acetyl-galactosaminyl]
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7
Q
  • infrequent and rare
  • use anti-B and anti-A1B to differentiate
A

B antigen subgroups

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8
Q

Variants of group B

A
  • True B antigen
  • acquired-like B antigen
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9
Q
  • used to differentiate variants of group B
  • agglutinates red cells of true B antigens
A

Anti-B1 lectin

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10
Q

Anti-B1 lectin soure

A

Bandeiraea simplicifolia

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11
Q

Removal of antibody in serum

A

absorption

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12
Q

Diffuses red cell to remove red cell antibodies from
solution

A

elution

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13
Q

Reacts with cells derived from serum of group B and subgroups of A

A

Anti-A

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14
Q

Agglutinate the red cells of subgroup A1

A

absorbed anti-A1

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15
Q

Agglutinate the red cells of Ao, Am, Ax besides from regular A and B
agglutinogens

A

Anti-AB

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16
Q
  • Agglutinate the red cells of A1 and A1B
  • Orange to yellow in color
A

Anti-A1 lectin

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17
Q

Agglutinate the red cells of O and subgroup of A2

A

Anti-H lectin

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18
Q

Give the source of the ff:

  • anti-AB
  • anti-A1 lectin
  • anti-H lectin
A
  • anti-AB: O serum
  • anti-A1 lectin: Dolichos biflorus
  • anti-H lectin: Ulex europaeus
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19
Q

A1 antigen foreign substance is introduced to patient if
transfused

A

1st transfusion

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20
Q

Second Transfusion

  • forward typing
    • A is?
    • B is?
  • backward typing
    • A is?
    • B is?
A
  • forward typing
    • A is (+)
    • B is (-)
  • backward typing
    • A is (+) px’s serum has anti-A1
    • B is (+) has anti-B
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21
Q
  • neutralize antibody in the antisera
  • ABH antigens are present in body fluids
A

secretors

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22
Q

Give 5 locations where secretors can be found

A
  1. saliva
  2. seminal fluid
  3. sweat
  4. breast milk
  5. ovarian cyst fluid
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23
Q

ABH antigens are present in all organs of the body

A

Histo Blood group Antigen

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24
Q

Responsible for expression of ABH antigens in body fluids

  • 80% secretor
  • 20% non-secretor
A

Secretor gene (FUT2)

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25
Q

Allows H gene to function in secretory cells

A

Secretor gene (FUT2)

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26
Q

What are the 3 genotypes (secretor & non-secretor)?

A
  • SeSe (secretor)
  • Sese (secretor)
  • sese (non-secretor)
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27
Q

secretor of A & H substance

A

Sese, H, A

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28
Q

non-secretor

A

sese, H, A

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29
Q

non-secretor (no H gene)

A

*sese, hh

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30
Q

Give the secretions of the ff blood types:

  • A
  • B
  • AB
  • O
A
  • A: A & H
  • B: B & H
  • AB: A, B & H
  • O: H
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31
Q
  • controls the appearance of ABH antigen in body fluids
  • regulates H gene activity in secretions, but not on the RBCs
32
Q
  • does not affect formation of ABH antigen on the red blood cell
  • does not control the ABH transferases in hematopoietic tissue
33
Q
  • produces α-2-L fucosyltransferase expressed in tissues
  • utilizes type I precursors to form type 1 H determinants
A

Secretor H gene

34
Q
  • on erythrocyte’s membrane
  • regulates production of H-antigen on erythrocytes
35
Q

In secretor experiment what principle is involved?

A

neutralization or inhibition

36
Q

In secretor experiment, what is the positive result?

A

no agg’n

37
Q

Which blood group has the greatest amount of H antigen?

A

“O”

* O → A2 → B → A2B → A1 → A1B

38
Q

first described by Bhende in 1952 in Bombay, India

A

Bombay gene

39
Q

Give the genotype & phenotype of bombay individuals

A
  • genotype: hh
  • phenotype: Oh
40
Q

True or False

All antigens are present in bombay gene but all antibodies are absent.

A

False

*All antibodies are present in bombay gene but all antigens are absent.

41
Q
  • potent and active over a wide thermal range
  • IgM activates complement
A

anti-H by Bombay

42
Q
  • benign agglutinin
  • frequently seen in subgroup of A1 & A1B
A

anti-H as cold agglutinins

43
Q
  • anti-H by Bombay reacts best at what temp:
  • anti-H as cold agglutinins reacts best at what temp:
A
  • anti-H by Bombay reacts best at what temp: 37° C
  • anti-H as cold agglutinins reacts best at what temp: 4° C
44
Q

Bombay Categories

  • hh & sese:
  • Hh & sese:
  • hh & Se:
A
  • hh & sese: RBC H deficient & non-secretor
  • Hh & sese: RBC H partially deficient & non-secretor
  • hh & Se: RBC H deficient & secretor
45
Q

Give the designation of the ff:

  • hh & sese
  • Hh & sese
  • hh & Se
A
  • hh & sese
    • ohA
    • ohB
    • ohAB
  • Hh & sese
    • Ah
    • Bh
    • ABh
  • hh & Se
    • ohO
    • ohB
    • ohAB
    • ohA
46
Q
  • ABH antigens are weakly expressed on red blood cells
  • normal expression of ABH antigens in
    secretions
A

RBC H deficient & secretor
hh & Se

47
Q

ABH cannot be expressed in RBC and secretions

A

RBC H deficient & non-secretor
hh & sese

48
Q
  • weak expression of H gene
  • A enzyme and B enzyme are affected and will be weakly expressed
A

RBC H partially deficient & Non-secretor
Hh & sese

49
Q

When forward and backward typing do not agree

A

ABO discrepancies

50
Q

confirmatory test of the result of forward typing

A

Backward typing

51
Q

True or False

There is a discrepancy if strength of the agglutination should be 4+ or 3+ for the forward and backward typing

A

False

*no discrepancies

52
Q

Test done for weak or missing ABO antibodies

A

backward typing

53
Q

detects presence or absence of antigens

A

forward typing

54
Q

result of rouleaux formation

A

plasma/protein abnormalities

55
Q

Identify which polyagglutination is permanent & temporary

  • T polyagglutination
  • Tn polyagglutination
  • CAD
A
  • T polyagglutination: temporary
  • Tn polyagglutination: permanent
  • CAD: permanent
56
Q

T antigen is also known as?

A
  • hidden antigen
  • cryptic antigen
  • cryptantigen
57
Q

Give 5 conditions that give a weak or missing antibodies

A
  1. newborns
  2. elderly people
  3. leukemia
  4. lymphoma
  5. chimerism
58
Q

Give 3 conditions that give a weak or missing antigens

A
  1. leukemia
  2. Hodgkin’s disease
  3. acquired B phenomenon
59
Q

Give 3 conditions that give plasma/protein abnormalities

A
  1. elevated globulin level
  2. Wharton’s jelly
  3. Plasma expanders
60
Q

Give 2 conditions for miscellaneous abnormalities

A
  1. cis-AB
  2. polyagglutination
61
Q

Resolve the ff discrepancies:

  • weak/missing antibodies
  • weak/missing antigens
  • plasma/protein abnormalities
A
  • weak/missing antibodies
    • test against A & B
    • incubate at RT for 15-30 mins
    • (-): 4° C for 15-30 mins
  • weak/missing antigen
    • enhanced antisera
    • incubate at RT for 15-30 mins
    • (-): 4° C for 15-30 mins
  • plasma/protein abnormalities
    • wash with NSS (thrice)
62
Q

spontaneous red cell agglutination by all sera regardless of the blood type

A

polyagglutination

63
Q

Give 2 plasma expanders

A
  • dextran
  • polyvinylpyrrolidone
64
Q

T polyagglutination is caused by what enzyme?

A

neuraminidase

65
Q
  • cold reactive autoantibodies
  • unexpected isoagglutinins
  • unexpected non-ABO alloantibodies
A

miscellaneous abnormalities

66
Q
  • unequal crossing over at the ABO locus
  • instead of two genes being inherited, you inherit three genes
  • ABO are still present
67
Q
  • microbial/bacterial/viruses produce enzymes that can alter the antigens
  • T-transformation
A

T polyagglutination

68
Q

T antigens acid

A

N-acetyl neuraminic acid
(NANA or sialic acid)

69
Q

insufficient addition of sialic acid during erythrocyte maturation

A

Tn polyagglutination

70
Q
  • cells are agglutinable because RBCs carry large amount of Sda antigen
  • inherited autosomal dominant
  • shows resistance to invasion Plasmodium falciparum
  • red cells have sialic acid
71
Q

Give the microbially associated form of polyagglutination:

Tn

72
Q

Give the microbially associated form of polyagglutination:

CAD

73
Q

Give the microbially associated form of polyagglutination:

HEMPAS

74
Q

Give the microbially associated form of polyagglutination:

NOR

75
Q

Give the microbially associated form of polyagglutination:

Hemoglobin M

Hyde Park

Blood Banking (4 decks)

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