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Blood Banking > ABO Blood Group System > Flashcards

ABO Blood Group System Flashcards

1
Q

genes are also known as
*There are three.

A
  • allele
  • allelic
  • allelomorphs
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2
Q

Enumerate ABH antigens production

A
  1. glycosyltransferase production
  2. paragloboside conversion to H antigen
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3
Q

ABH antigens are present in body fluids

A

secretors

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4
Q

demonstarted that there are 2 subgroups of A:

  • A1 (A antigen + A1 antigen)
  • A2 (A antigen)
A

Emil von Dungern & Ludwik Hirszfeld

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5
Q

inherited according to Mendelian Law

A

A & B antigen

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6
Q

H gene’s enzyme

A

alpha-2-L fucosyl transferase

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7
Q

ABO locus resides on ____

A

chromosome 9

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8
Q

Secretors are also found in epithelial tissues:
Give all 4.

A
  • bone marrow
  • lymphocytes
  • kidneys
  • platelets
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9
Q

dono nucleotide is part of?

A

glycosyltransferase production

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10
Q

2 genes will determine which ABO antigen will be found on RBC membrane

A

Theory of Inheritance

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11
Q

demonstarted on RBC

A

A & B antigen

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12
Q

reacts better at room temperature

A

ABO antibodies

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13
Q

basic precursor material that has a glycolipid/glycoprotein backbone to which sugars are attached

A

paragloboside

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14
Q

foreign substances

A

antigen

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15
Q

True or False

A & B antigen can be found in body secretions (soluble antigens), with strong antibodies.

A

False

*with weak antibodies

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16
Q

antibodies occur in 2 ways

A
  1. naturally occuring
  2. immune antibodies
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17
Q

Type 2 chain’s linkage

A

beta-1,4 linkage

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18
Q

actual genetic makeup or genes inherited

A

genotype

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19
Q

Which H gene is most common and cannot make A & B antigen?

A
  • most common: HH
  • cant make A&B antigen: hh
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20
Q

ABH antigens are present in all organs of the body

A

Histo blood group antigen

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21
Q

possess A & B antigens → A & B substances

A

plants & bacteria

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22
Q

Which antigen has 810,000-1,170,000 antigen sites and a greater sera activity?

A

A1

  • *A2 has 240-290*
  • *A2 produces 1-8% anti-A1 in their serum*
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23
Q

not normally present in a newborn infant

A

antibody

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24
Q

discovered forward & backward typing

A

Karl Landsteiner

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25
Q

Antibody

IgG and not normally present in an individual

A

immune antibodies

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26
Q

B gene’s enzyme

A

alpha-3-D-galactosyl transferase

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27
Q
  • on erythrocyte membrane
  • regulates production of H-antigen on erythrocytes
A

Zz system

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28
Q

attaches N-acetylgalactosamine to the 3rd carbon of terminal galactose of H active gene

A

A gene

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29
Q

Give blood group AB’s subgroups
*There are two.

A
  1. A1B
  2. A2B
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30
Q

develops 3-6 months after birth

A

ABO antibodies

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31
Q

chemically immunoglobulin

A

ABO antibodies

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32
Q

regulates H gene activity in secretions but not on RBCs

A

Se system

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33
Q
  • does not affect formation of ABH antigen on RBC
  • does not control ABH transferases in hematopoietic tissue
A

Se system

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34
Q

paragloboside conversion depends on the action of?

A

H gene FUT1 & secretor FUT2

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35
Q

How do you differentiate A & B?

A
  • antigen sites
  • immunodominant sugar
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36
Q

ABO antibodies

Present in low titer or even absent in cases of congenital __(1)__ & __(2)__.

A
  • hypogammaglobulinemia
  • agammaglobulinemia
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37
Q

What are the quantitative factors for A1 & A2 differentiation?

A
  • antigen sites
  • alpha 3-N-acetylglucosaminyl concentration
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38
Q

lectin herbs

A
  • Dolichos biflorus*
  • Ulex europeus*
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39
Q
  • stimulates antibody production
  • can be inhaled & ingested
A

plants & bacteria

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40
Q

Type 1 chain’s linkage

A

beta-1,3 linkage

41
Q

Give the Jansky system sequence:

I:

II:

III:

IV:

A

I: O

II: A

III: B

IV: AB

42
Q

observable expression of inherited traits

43
Q

Majority of Rh antibodies are ______ that can be acquired.

A

immune antibodies

44
Q

True or False

Antigen is present on the RBC,
but the corresponding antibody is absent
(vice versa)

45
Q

demonstrated at 2nd month of fetal life

A

ABO antigen

46
Q

2 other genetic systems that control the expression of ABH genes in body fluids

A
  1. Se system
  2. Zz system
47
Q

antibody production peaks when an individual is betwwen

A

5-10 years of age & progressively declines

48
Q

___ antigens can be found in bacteria and other species

49
Q

present in animals as eels and plants as lectin

A

ABO antibodies

50
Q 
# **Fill in the blanks
& True or False**
  1. ____ is the only one that changes in ABH antigens production
  2. Precursor structure stays the same
A
  1. immunodominant sugar
  2. True
51
Q

Which antigen has 600,000 antigen sites and has less immunodominant sugar?

A

A

*B has 720,000 antigen sites

52
Q
  • produced by H gene
  • catalyzes the fucose transfer at 2nd carbon of terminal D-galactose of precursor from guanosine-diphosphate glucose
A

alpha 2-L-fucosyltransferase

53
Q

Give blood group A’s subgroups
*There are eight.

A
  1. A1
  2. A2
  3. An
  4. Al
  5. Aint
  6. Ax
  7. Ay
  8. Az
54
Q

described theory of inheritance and proposed that each individual inherits an ABO gene from each parent

A

Felix Bernstein

55
Q

Give blood group B’s subgroups
*There are seven.

A
  1. B2
  2. B2
  3. B3
  4. Bells
  5. Bx
  6. Bm
  7. Bw
56
Q

oligosaccharide chains are attached to the red cell mebrane

A

glycolipid backbone

57
Q

Potential precursor substances for ABH antigens

A
  • Type 1 chain
  • Type 2 chain
58
Q

not normally present at birth

A

ABO antibodies

59
Q

Give the percentages of the ff blood groups:

  • Type A =
  • Type B =
  • Type AB =
  • Type O =
A
  • Type A = 40%
  • Type B = 11%
  • Type AB = 4%
  • Type O = 45%
60
Q
  • blood type/blood group
  • determined by antisera
61
Q

neutralize antibody in the antisera

62
Q

What are the 2 systems to classify the ABO blood groups?

A
  1. Moss system
  2. Jansky system
63
Q

At age 1, ____ reach fully strengthens

A

isoagglutinogen

64
Q

discovered the 4th blood group (AB)

A

Alfred Decastello & Adriano Sturli

65
Q

results from the interactions of genes at 3 separate loci

A
  • ABO
  • HH
  • Se (secretor)
66
Q

A gene’s enzyme

A

alpha-2-N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase

67
Q
  • amorph
  • “silent gene”
    • does not produce a detectable gene
68
Q

catalyzes D-galactose production

69
Q

Three genotypes of secretor gene FUT2

A
  1. SeSe
  2. Sese
  3. sese
70
Q

attaches an immunodominant sugar to chemical structure of antigen

A

glycosyltransferase production

71
Q

A & B antigens are fully developed at what years of age?

A

2-4 years old

72
Q

position occupied by the gene

73
Q

precursor substance for ABH antigens from RBCs is derived from ___

A

Type 2 chains

74
Q

Antigen is also known as?
*There are two.

A
  • agglutinogen
  • isoantigen
75
Q

ABO antigens may be found in saliva, ___, and ___ of people who are considered to be secretors.

A
  • pancreatic secretions
  • gastric secretions
76
Q

Genes where fuctose is not removed

A

A & B genes

77
Q

responsible for expression of ABH antigens in body fluids

A

Secretor gene FUT2

78
Q

not implicated to cause hemolytic transfusion reaction and activates complement

A

ABO antibodies

79
Q

Antibody is also known as

A
  • isoagglutinin
  • agglutinin
80
Q

attached to a protein structure

A

glycoprotein

81
Q

Antibody

IgM and is environmentally stimulated

A

naturally occuring

82
Q

Give the ff genes’ acceptors:

  • A
  • B
  • H
A
  • A: H antigen
  • B: H antigen
  • H: precursor
83
Q

How do you differentiate A1 & A2?

A

through their qualitative and quantitative differences

84
Q

naming & classifications of blood groups are determined by:
*There are two.

A
  • presence/absence of isoantigens in the RBC
  • presence/absence of isoantibodies in serum/plasma
85
Q

proposed a four allele theory of inheritance:

  • A1
  • A2
  • B
  • O
  • A1B
  • A2B
86
Q
  • secretory glands
  • controls the appearance of ABH antigen in body fluids
87
Q

3 possible genes that can be inherited

A
  • A gene
  • B gene
  • O gene
88
Q

ultimate precursor of A & B antigens

A

paragloboside

89
Q

discovered ABO blood group systems (A, B, O)

A

Karl Landsteiner

90
Q

seed extracts are diluted to agglutinate blood group antigens

91
Q

Give the Moss system sequence:

I:

II:

III:

IV:

A

I: AB

II: A

III: B

IV: O

92
Q

genetic constitution which produces the traits

93
Q

Give 5 fluids where secretors are found

A
  • saliva
  • breast milk
  • amniotic fluid
  • seminal fluid
  • ovarian cyst fluid
94
Q

Give the ff genes’ immunodominant sugar:

  • A:
  • B:
  • H:
A
  • A: N-acetylgalactosamine
  • B: D-galactose
  • H: fucose
95
Q

occupies the locus

96
Q

supplies the sugar

A

donor nucleotide

97
Q

greatest amount of H antigen

A

blood group O

98
Q

Bombay genotype

Blood Banking (4 decks)

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